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Criminal Justice in Britain, 2007.
A discussion of the various agencies involved in the British criminal justice system.
1,466 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the criminal justice system of Britain embraces a range of agencies, cultures and objectives. The paper explains that from the police through the courts and from the prison systems to victim services, all agencies have a goal to reduce crime and punish the guilty. However, within each agency, specific objectives exist that embrace numerous cultural differences. The paper discusses the various agencies involved in the British criminal justice system, the objectives of each and the ways in which those agencies work together to cater to a wide range of cultures within the British society.
From the Paper
"Each governmental department oversees a variety of agencies, each of which has specific objectives within the criminal justice system. The Home Office, or HO, directly oversees national and local police functions, as well as various district authorities, the prison services, and the Criminal Injuries Compensation scheme and Victim Support services. The district authorities directly oversee the operations of three agencies, those of Local Magistrate's Court Committees, local police authorities, and local Probation Committees. The Local Magistrate's Court Committees directly oversee the operations of Magistrate's Courts, consisting of 328 divisions in England and Wales. The local police authorities directly oversee operations of the 43 police service districts. The Probation Committees oversee probation services (Chapman and Niven, 2000, 8)."
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Recidivism for DUI Offenders, 2007.
This paper discusses whether recidivism for driving under the influence (DUI) offenders who are electronically monitored is lower than for those that are not electronically monitored.
5,396 words (approx. 21.6 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 132.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that race is not the only issue that is involved in the sentencing disparity of DUI offenders, however, it is one of the larger ones. This study explores all of the issues that are involved in disparity in sentencing, and does not concern itself solely with race. However, since race appears to be one of the largest factors, its importance in the study and the literature review is evident. The writer concludes that while there are no real solutions, one of the best ideas would be to have more law enforcement agencies use monitoring, even though many refuse to do so. The writer then suggests limiting the number of people on electronic monitoring and choosing which ones to monitor carefully, so that the offenders being monitored are those with the highest chance of rehabilitation.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Statement of the Problem and Hypotheses
Purpose of the Study
Importance of the Study
Scope of the Study
Rationale of the Study
Literature Review
Research Method
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Literature on this subject, which will be reviewed in Chapter Two, appears to indicate that some disparity may exist, and this is worrying for minority individuals, due to the fact that they are aware that, if they are arrested for DUI crimes, they will be likely to be punished more severely than those that are of the Caucasian race. The review of the literature will provide insight into this issue, and will likely shed light on whether this is an accurate assumption and whether there is anything that can be done to correct sentencing disparities if they do exist in the court system."
"Electronic monitoring of these individuals is often thought to play a role in recidivism rates, and that issue will be explored within the context of sentencing guidelines and other related issues. Unfortunately, there is little literature specifically dealing with sentencing disparity based on DUI crimes. This is unfortunate, but clearly shows the need for more studies. It is unfortunate for the understanding of DUI crimes sentencing disparity when it comes to race and other factors that there is not more literature on the specific subject."
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Racial Profiling, 2007.
An analysis of the motivation behind the use of racial profiling in law enforcement and the problems associated with it.
1,445 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes and attempts to understand the rhetoric behind racial profiling by law enforcement officials. It aims to carefully scrutinize the fundamental assumptions made by law enforcement in using race as a factor for assessing criminal activity and risk. The paper then discusses the problems associated with using racial profiling and how these problems should be addressed and how policies should be changed.
From the Paper
"However, solving the problem of discrimination within law enforcement is an unenviable task. Discrimination exists at the deepest levels of human consciousness, and oftentimes only manifests itself subconsciously. Few if any officers are truly willing to confess to preconceived prejudices simply because of the negative stigma associated with such a claim. The problem has become exacerbated by the wave of intolerance towards expressing and open discussion of racial tendencies within crime. New Jersey state police superintendent Carl Williams for instance was fired for his remarks on racial crime. He explained in an interview that "certain crimes are associated with certain ethnic groups, and it is naive to think that race is not an issue in policing" (HARRIS). Without a viable channel to funnel such visions to others, the sad truth is that few law enforcement professionals would be willing to openly discuss the issues associated with racial profiling in police stops. The problem is endemic and deeply rooted, but it is also one that cannot be openly discussed with social stigma."
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Goals Of Corrections, 2007.
An analysis of the five goals of corrections and their application.
2,034 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 14 sources, MLA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the five goals of corrections which are retribution, deterrence, rehabilitation, incapacitation and restoration. It discusses the history, philosophy, development and empirical validity of each goal. The paper then concludes with a statement of recommendation as to the preferred corrections theory stating why that is the theory thought superior to the other corrections theories. Finally, it discusses which should serve to guide corrections in the future.
Table of Contents:
Objective
Introduction
Retribution
Deterrence
Rehabilitation
Incapacitation
Restoration
Summary
Recommendations For Future Corrections
From the Paper
"Clearly research demonstrates both positive and negative results from use of the strategies of retribution, deterrence, rehabilitation, incapacitation; restoration and certainly what is the best correctional strategy for one type of individual might not be the best whatsoever for use with another individual. The individual who is truly criminally insane will not respond to any of the attempts in correction strategies except that of incapacitation in a prison facility. Just as clearly no individual who is logical would consider Charles Manson or Theodore Bundy as eligible profiles for the restorative justice program or even for rehabilitation program or indeed of any other than imprisonment or death by execution There are however, very potentially productive, useful, and worthy individuals who are shuffled into the correction system due to their inability to hire a lawyer or lack of knowledge concerning their rights to having representation appointed to them that with education and knowledge or skills acquisition can be successfully rehabilitation or restored to society and within the community. Recently there has been documented an additional strategy in criminal justice corrections which is described as a 'transformational' process and is a cognitive-behavioral approach in treatment."
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Crime Prevention and Control, 2007.
This paper explores the United States' justice system and proactive policing.
4,758 words (approx. 19.0 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 122.95
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Abstract
The paper explains that proactive or community policing actively involves citizens in preventing or solving crimes through non-punitive or adversarial procedures. The paper describes the change in the US criminal system when its focus broadened from the traditional punishment of past crimes to prevention of future crimes by imprisonment and control of dangerous offenders. The paper notes the successes of community proactive policing that continues to gather support from the public and the private sectors.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Discussion
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Americans pride themselves of their Manifest Destiny as a superior race and their individual freedom and rights. But crime rates in the midst of the practice of freedom continue to increase. Professor Friedman of the University of Stanford identified cultural taboos, supporting this demand for individual freedom and rights. as ultimately behind the unrestrained rise in crime rates. The existing criminal justice system is adversarial and punitive. Its crime prevention and control mainly deal with suppression. Because of its failure to curtail crime, preventive detention was tried. Nonetheless, crime rates continued to increase till the late 70s. President Johnson offered the notion that the root causes of crime were racism, poverty and social injustice. He provided funds for the State and the local governments in an effort at curbing these root causes. Congress also responded and signed bills to support President Johnson's initiative."
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Capital Punishment, 2007.
A discussion on the advantages of capital punishment.
1,235 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to introduce, discuss, and analyze the topic of capital punishment. Specifically, it discuss both sides of the capital punishment debate and argues why capital punishment is an excellent deterrent to crime. It looks at how the benefits of capital punishment far outweigh the drawbacks and how statistics indicate that the American public supports the death penalty for a majority of violent crimes. Thus, capital punishment is effective, saves tax dollars, and helps contain the most violent of America's criminal population.
From the Paper
"Capital punishment has been controversial throughout America history. Also referred to as the death penalty, the practice has always been a contentious and emotional issue. In the United States, disagreement over capital punishment began as early as Colonial times after America gained independence from Great Britain. Some people began to wonder if taking a human life was really justified, even by the government (Vila and Morris xxv), and the debate has raged on ever since. In fact, since the Supreme Court reinstituted the practice in 1976, the debate about capital punishment has become even more heated."
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Criminology Theories, 2007.
This paper discusses criminology theories and looks at how they help prevent crime and reduce criminal behaviors.
1,122 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper examines two criminology theories and holds them against the current social phenomena of adolescent substance abuse. The writer explores the relevant theories. The writer notes that as mankind continues to study the criminal element, it continues to develop theories that can be applied to criminal behavior. The writer then explains that two well known criminal theories are labeling and social bonding. In each of these theories there are markers to help explain some of the behavior patterns when it comes to adolescents and substance abuse. The writer points out that it is important to understand how these theories impact the problem, so that future attempts can be made to proactively prevent substance abuse.
Outline:
Introduction
Labeling Theory
Social Bond Theory
Relating Theory to Social Issue
Influence
From the Paper
"In a recent study regarding the labeling theory, adolescent participants were asked if they had received labels from professionals and asked if their families and friends had labeled them, and if so what the labels were. The adolescent's encounters with juvenile courts, social workers and substance abuse programs were also recorded to determine if the label theory supported the participants' background and labeling.
The study concluded that being labeled with a negative label, can create negative behaviors in adolescence.
In addition, the participants did record a higher level of drug use if they had received negative labeling from professionals and personal interactions."
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JonBenet Ramsey, 2007.
A case study analysis of the murder case of JonBenet Ramsey in 1996.
9,569 words (approx. 38.3 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 196.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a case study analysis of the murder case of JonBenet Ramsey in the United States in 1996. It overviews the particulars of the case and then details and analyzes the evidence that was found in relation to her murder. Finally, the paper discusses the preliminary conclusions of the case and gives recommendations for future action to be taken.
Table of Contents:
An Overview of the Case
The Evidence
Analysis of the Evidence
Preliminary Conclusions
Recommendations for Further Action
From the Paper
"Another footprint was found on the outer part of the same window, plus a scuff mark on the wall just below the window where a person coming in the window might have placed his foot for leverage into the basement. A suitcase was found on the floor under the window with a possible footprint on it. John Ramsey said this suitcase was normally kept in another part of the basement. Inside the suitcase was a pillow sham, comforter and Dr. Seuss book. Assuming that the killer originally planned to kidnap JonBenet for ransom, he may have "packed some things" for her that she would need."
"A palm print that was found on the wine cellar door could not be matched to anyone in the family or among their friends. Likewise, the pubic hair found on the blanket that covered the child's body did not belong to any member of the Ramsey family."
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Organized Crime, 2007.
A comparison of the Genovese Crime Family and the Chinese Big Circle Gang and how they operate within America.
1,203 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper introduces, discusses and analyzes the topic of organized crime in America. Specifically, it compares and contrasts an Italian and an Asian organized crime group active in America. The paper focuses on the Genovese Crime Family and the Chinese Big Circle Gang, which are two of the most notorious organized crime groups. It describes their goals, outlooks and organizational structure.
Table of Contents:
The Genovese Crime Family
The Big Circle Gang
From the Paper
"Like their Italian counterparts, the Big Circle deals primarily in drug trafficking, loansharking, and counterfeiting currencies and goods. They also deal in human smuggling and trafficking, and exporting stolen vehicles, which differs from most Italian operations, including the Genovese family. Unlike their Mafia cousins, the Big Circle is made up of very small units called "cells," in each location, and this makes it extremely difficult for law enforcement to find or infiltrate them (Hall, 2005). In contrast, the Genovese and other Mafia families are extremely large. Author Paoli continues, "The sheer size of the American mafia families has long prevented their members from interacting informally with each other, as is instead the case in most Sicilian mafia groups, and has favored internal stratification and segmentation" (Paoli, 2003, p. 7). Thus, most Asian gangs like the Big Circle are harder to control because they are smaller, less conspicuous, and less likely to accept new, unknown members."
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Child Abuse, 2007.
This paper discusses problems and solutions for managing the child abuse reporting system.
2,315 words (approx. 9.3 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that problems, such as false reporting and accusations, cultural misunderstandings, racial bias, unnecessary harsh sentences and overall judicial inconsistencies, exist in the child abuse reporting system. The author points out that the large percentage of inappropriate reporting also places an unnecessary burden on the already overwhelmed child protective agencies and threatens to undermine public support for their efforts. The paper suggests that, with time and experience, it will be possible to standardize the approach toward sentencing so individuals will receive accurate judgments of incarceration, probation, education or acquittal based on the true circumstances. This paper includes several long quotations.
Outline:
Introduction Definition of Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act
Spanking versus Serious Physical Abuse
Study by Baumrind: Most Parents Spank without Ill Impact on Children
Statistical Reporting of Child Abuse Numbers
Numbers of Reporting Increased 20 Times
Large number of "Unfounded" Reports
Inappropriate Reporting Places Unnecessary Burden on Child Protective Agencies
Better Reporting on What to/Not to Report
Disagreement of Over/Under-Reporting of Child Abuse Claims
Investigative/Tool Inconsistencies
Racial/Cultural Misrepresentations
American Psychology Association Recommendations
Learn about the Culture
Examine Discrepancies between Accepted Cultural Practices and the Behavior
Look at the Continuum of Cultural Behaviors, Determining Relationship Socioeconomic Issues such as Poverty and Substance Abuse
Is Alleged Abusive Behavior is Truly Harmful to others?
Person's Level of Acculturation to U.S. Culture
Reporting Bias
Suggested Actions
Narrow the Scope of Child Abuse and Neglect Definitions.
Place the Investigatory Powers with the Police
Re-Criminalize Child Abuse and Neglect.
Repeal Mandatory Reporting Laws Effect in all the States.
Make Child and Family Services Voluntary
From the Paper
"As with any law that is passed, it is necessary to clearly define terms so that certain persons or groups of persons are not being treated differently in terms of that law and the punishment fits the crime. In cases of child abuse, there are numerous cases, especially with severe physical, psychological or sexual violations, where an individual should receive a strict penalty. However, there are also a large number of others cases where the abuse is minimal, questionable (spanking, for example), cultural, or even misinformed. In these latter situations, it may be better to find alternate ways to help these individuals and the victims."
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Policing in the U.K. and Middle East, 2007.
A comparison of policing tactics and difficulties faced by police within the U.K. and Middle East.
1,468 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper explores how the difficulties of policing in the UK differ from the difficulties of policing in the Middle East. The paper provides an overview of policing and discusses how the U.K. faces traditional problems such as addressing acts of terror, burglary and violent crime while problems facing the Middle East include more serious issues of security, terrorism, border control and abuse of visitors and people living there.
Outline:
Policing Defined
Policing in the UK
Policing in the Middle East
Comparison and Analysis of Difficulties Within Each Region
From the Paper
"Governments define policing in multiple ways. Depending on the structure of a government, whether democratic in nature, authoritarian or socialist, policing takes on many different forms. One may define policing in places like the U.K. as any and all actions whose purpose includes maintaining a peaceful enterprise within the land (MPS, 2007). In other regions of the world however, including in the Middle East, historically policing involves many acts of violence and radical activities engaged in to support variant rather than homogenous interpretations of what policing is and isn't."
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Cyber-security Breaches, 2007.
A review of recent case studies of cyber-security breaches in the USA.
4,069 words (approx. 16.3 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 109.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews and discusses various recent cyber-security breaches in the USA. The paper discusses each event, the method used to breach the cyber-security and the response. The paper focuses primarily on the case of Moonlight Maze, one of the most infamous cyber-attacks which occurred in the late 1990s.
From the Paper
"The hackers were apparently working from a location in Russia, though this could not be definitively established due to the nature of the infiltration. All that is known for certain is that the hack into Department of Defense computers had been going on for more than a year and that it is entirely unclear how much information was made off with during that time. This is due in part to the fact that in addition to raiding information directly from the Pentagon, the hackers also used that point of entry to enter other sensitive systems throughout the US government. These included networks at nuclear research labs associated with the Energy Department, NASA, and numerous university research facilities (Drogin, 1999). Investigators reiterate that the attackers obtained no known classified information, but the general uncertainty surrounding Moonlight Maze makes this claim dubious at best."
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