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Law and Police Powers, 2006.
A discussion regarding the role and function of the Australian police force, operating within the law.
2,527 words (approx. 10.1 pages), 15 sources, APA, $ 76.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the role of the Australian police force and its power to operate within the law. The paper reports that Police officers, under the 'Police Powers and Responsibilities Act 2000', have become public officials. The paper further reports a rise in the number of people seeking assistance with public nuisance offenses, which are mostly are based on trivial factual scenarios. The paper goes on to explain that these offenses are arising not because of complaints from other citizens, but because the person's conduct is being interpreted by police as 'likely to interfere' with other people's enjoyment of a public space.
Outline:
Police Control and Power as a Subject of Controversy
Other Nations Struggle with the Problem of Broadened Police Power
How are the Laws Enforced?
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In other lands, the controversy over police powers has come up from time to time. Sometimes the public is quick to set matters straight and put only reasonable powers into the hands of the police. In most nations, police powers include licensing, inspection, zoning, safety regulations (which cover a lot of territory), quarantines, and working conditions as well as law enforcement under the realm of police enforcement. In short, police powers are the basis of a host of state regulatory statutes. "
"In the United States, citizens take a dim view of unbridled police powers. They were quite condemnatory of Samuel A. Alito, a young U.S. President Ronald Reagan administration lawyer, and Supreme Court nominee, who took an expansive view of government law-enforcement powers in many cases where he was called upon to balance the prerogatives of police and prosecutors with the rights of individuals, according to 400 pages of documents released in November of 2005 by the U.S. Justice Department. For instance, while working in the Office of Legal Counsel from 1985 to 1987, Alito wrote an opinion allowing the Internal Revenue Service to secretly record conversations with taxpayers who were under investigation. "
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Crime Prevention, 2006.
A discussion regarding criminal activity and the possible prevention of crime by means of crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED).
1,423 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 12 sources, APA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews and discusses various statistics relating to criminal activity. The paper then goes on to discuss studies which show that property crime can also be prevented by manipulating the design of the separate properties and their relationship to each other and the surrounding neighborhood. This process is called crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED). According to the paper, the overall impact of CPTED by itself continues to be controversial. Specialists are more prone to accepting the fact that it is one of many measures that, taken together, can prevent or reduce crime.
From the Paper
"NIJ does say that these cases "suggest" that place-based crime prevention approaches that are designed to meet the needs of certain neighborhoods do indeed reduce crime, although they are not "prove" this is the result. "In practice, it would be as difficult as untangling a spider web to evaluate the effectiveness of specific place-based crime prevention measures applied to these residential areas" (Cozens, 2005, p. 328). Also, although crime data back the thesis that place-based applications work, "the physical, management and community organizational interventions in these cases are woven together in complex ways that defy individual analysis" (Cozens, 2005, p. 328)."
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Crystal Meth, 2006.
A discussion regarding methamphetamine or crystal meth.
3,135 words (approx. 12.5 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 91.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the abuse of methamphetamine, more commonly known as crystal meth. According to the paper, crystal meth has become the drug of choice as it is easy and inexpensive to manufacture and the effects of the drugs are long-lasting.
From the Paper
" Constantine was speaking about the lower crime rate experienced by New York City over a five-year time frame when more police were hired, and they were given the admonition to search out and obliterate all drug related crimes, from the street level up to the organized crime level. The program worked in a tremendous fashion, with all crime levels throughout the city from 1993-1998 declining in a dramatic fashion. Constantine also used the city of Baltimore as an example of the exact opposite approach, having the exact opposite results. A former mayor of the city of Baltimore told the public that the police would no longer arrest individuals or groups involved in small scale drug crimes. "
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Psychics and Criminal Justice, 2007.
An analysis of the modern role of psychics in criminal justice.
3,824 words (approx. 15.3 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 104.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at how the use of psychic individuals to assist in criminal justice investigations dates back more than 300 years to France and how the practice continues in some regions of the country today. It discusses how a belief in such powers endures into the 21st century suggests that there may in fact be something to these claims. The purpose of this paper is to determine the efficacy of the use of psychics in modern criminal justice proceedings. A critical review of the peer-reviewed and scholarly literature is accompanied by a custom survey to determine current beliefs concerning the practice today. A discussion of the results and conclusions are followed by a summary of the research and recommendations in the concluding chapter.
Outline
Introduction
Background of the Study
Problem Statement
Purpose and Objectives
Rationale
Definition of Terms
Limitations
Theoretical Framework
Research Hypotheses
Summary of Remaining Chapters
Review of Related Literature
Methodology
Data Analysis
Discussion, Conclusions and Recommendations
From the Paper
"Certainly, there has been much skepticism concerning the reality of paranormal powers since antiquity. A number of "natural philosophers," people that would eventually be known as scientists when more organized systems of thought came into existence, disproved such claims several centuries ago (Randi, 1982). For example, in 1692, a French dowsing practitioner by the name of Jacques Aymar was hired by municipal authorities to discover a murderer by swinging a pendulum. According to Randi, "Apparently, it was believed that guilt was detectable by this means. Aymar is said to have led the officials to a nineteen-year-old hunchback who subsequently was 'broken on the wheel'--a particularly unpleasant death much favored as punishment for unpopular people like hunchbacks" (Randi, 1982, p. 3). "
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Values in Justice System Organizations, 2006.
A review of the organizations that play a part in crime prevention and the justice system.
2,402 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 73.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews and discusses the various organizations that are necessary in a successful justice system. The paper also takes a look at the core values necessary to ensure a successful justice system and a safe and peaceful society.
Outline:
Core Values
Significance of Values
Problems of Lack of Values
Police and Correctional Agencies
Police
Correctional Facilities
Conclusions
From the Paper
"Each justice organization should develop a set of values that reflects its own community. An organization's executives and top members should first clearly explain the values to all others. Then the executives should also ask each member of the organization to understand these values and communicate if they find any complexity. Pre established set of values must be well articulated throughout the organization. For this purpose there should be a proper channel of communication of the values. Each member of the organization should clearly and completely understand each and every value that has been set for the organization. This process ensures that the each member of the organization works for the common goals, have shred vision and as a result it helps in enforcing the organization's philosophy."
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Child Sexual Abuse, 2006.
A review of how sexual abuse cases are perceived differently by police officers, depending on the sex of the perpetrator.
951 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper presents an examination of a theory that the gender of the perpetrator has a different impact on male and female police officers' perceptions of child sexual abuse. According to the paper, a recent study provided evidence and validity to this theory that police officers, both male and female, view the seriousness of child sexual abuse differently depending on the gender of the perpetrator.
Outline:
Introduction
The Study
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The study set out to examine the attitude differences in female and male police officers when it came to investigating child sexual abuse. The study wanted to explore whether men and women officers felt differently about the seriousness of the crime depending on the gender of the person accused of doing it."
"Researchers chose 361 police officers in Australia to be participants in the study. The study used a self reporting questionnaire for the purpose of ascertaining the attitudes of those officers when it came to investigating male and female suspects in child sexual abuse cases(Tyson, 2004). "
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Gary Kremen, 2007.
A review of the life and history of Gary Kremen.
3,095 words (approx. 12.4 pages), 13 sources, APA, $ 90.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews and discusses the life of Gary Kremen, a life that is closely linked to the controversy and legal battle surrounding the ownership of sex.com. According to the paper, the sex.com case was a traumatic and multidimensional court case which serves to highlight the tenacity and perseverance of the character of Gary Kremen in the face of daunting opposition and legal odds. The paper also discusses how this case highlights the interaction between the legal system and the changing world of online commerce.
Outline:
Introduction
Overview: Gary Kremen and online entrepreneurship
Overview: personal and business history
Brief overview of business accomplishments and history
The Sex.com saga
Conclusion
From the Paper
"However it is the Sex.com case and legal battle which has riveted the media and public attention. Kremen registered the domain name sex.com in 1994. However, in 1996 a convicted fraudster, Stephen M. Cohen, contacted Network Solutions and had the domain transferred to his name. This was to result in a protracted legal battle over a number of years about the ownership of sex.com Cohen was supported by his influence and contacts in the pornography industry in the country. He also had large financial resources and had the financial ability to fight a lengthy and expensive legal battle. In brief, Kremen was to succeed with the assistance of some of Cohen's rivals in the pornography and adult industry. "Kremen took the upper hand when two of Cohen's rivals in the pornographic industry, Seth Warshavsky and Ron Levi, helped fund Kremen's case."
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Criminal Justice System, 2006.
A review of the models used today for law enforcement and a discussion about policing policies throughout the nation.
1,265 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper presents an examination of two models of criminal justice and how they impact the United States. In addition, the paper explores the three styles of policing by James Q. Wilson and explains how they apply to the criminal justice system in America.
Outline:
Introduction
The Models
Crime Control Model
History
From the Paper
"There are many different styles of policing utilized today. In many instances the decision about which style to use depends on a combination of factors, including politics, population density, funding and law enforcement manpower. "
"According to James Q. Wilson's theory, policing can involve one of three styles. The first style is the legalistic style. In this style, laws and bills are passed that are used to insure the public's safety through their use in the criminal justice system. Whether it is a misdemeanor defendant going to court or a felon facing prison for the third time, the legalistic system provides methods to remand suspects to incarceration and keep them there for periods of time (Wilson, pp)."
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The Death Penalty, 2007.
An analysis of the debate over whether the death penalty acts as a deterrent to violent crimes.
2,007 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses whether the death penalty acts as a deterrent to violent crimes. It examines both sides of the debate in order to determine if the death penalty is an effective deterrent to crime or if it is simply a waste of taxpayer money. The paper presents sociological studies supporting both sides of this aspect of the death penalty debate.
Table of Contents:
Comparative Studies
Econometric Studies
How do we Decide Who is Right?
Conclusion
From the Paper
"On the other hand, opponents cannot disprove a causal relationship either. However, the burden of proof is not upon them. If they can discredit the argument of the other side by presenting conflicting results and inconclusive evidence, then their argument is supported by default. The original research question was whether the death penalty acts as a deterrent to murder. If one considers the lack of positive proof, then the answer would have to favor those that say it does not. Therefore, one could support the position that due to a lack of substantial evidence that the death penalty deters crime, the practice of the death penalty must be reconsidered in support of less severe punishment. Those that oppose the death penalty do so based on a lack of evidence that it deters crime. This argument is logical, even in light of lack of evidence to the contrary."
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Appeal Case, 2007.
This paper looks at a legal case in which a defendant appeals the verdict after being found guilty.
925 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 32.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer presents an examination of a case in which the defendant in the case is found guilty and appeals. The writer notes that the element used for appeal rests in the fact that an undercover officer visited the convicted felon after he was arrested and incarcerated for the charge and the prosecution used conversations that occurred during those visits to help convict the defendant. The writer points out that the undercover officer never identified himself as a cop during the visits and these visits were before the trial. The writer explains that this means that the officer questioned the defendant after arrest and after being represented by an attorney but before the trial, which infringed on the defendant's right to be represented during all questioning.
Outline:
Issue
Rule
Apply
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Once that arrest took place however and Bob was then indicted by the court system and the grand jury Bob was represented by an attorney of record. The law is very clear on the questioning of a person who is represented by an attorney. The issue surrounding the possible appeal of this case is the fact that Art did not at anytime identify himself as a cop during the visits to the jail following the indictment. There may also be some argument and merit to the fact that Art secretly taped the conversations that he had with Bob as in many states the taping of a conversation is illegal unless both parties are aware of the taping, however, there are some states, Tennessee for example, that allow taping if only one party is aware that the taping is occurring. Because the scenario does not discuss the state that this crime took place in it is wise to only argue the merit of Art visiting Bob and in that visit gathering information to use against him at his trial when he did not have an attorney present. At that point the argument is also valid that Art did not identify himself as a police officer thereby violating Bob's right to have counsel present during the visits or to even make the educated decision as to whether or not he wanted Art to visit him."
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Legalizing Marijuana, 2007.
This paper discusses the use of marijuana and argues in favor of its legalization.
767 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 27.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that marijuana is one of the most common drugs available today. The writer points out that both the use and possession of marijuana are illegal, but the trade in this substance continues to flourish. This paper argues that law enforcement efforts to contain the marijuana trade are futile and wasteful. The writer maintains that this effort only serves to further tax jails and court systems that are already strained, whereas these resources could be allotted towards greater law enforcement, public safety programs, and medical research. The writer concludes that legalizing marijuana has tremendous social, financial and safety-related values for the general community and therefore the harsh laws against marijuana possession should be revised.
From the Paper
"In 2003 alone, state and federal courts processed an estimated one million marijuana convictions. This figure does not even include the marijuana convictions that are handled by lower or municipal courts. Failing to legalize the possession of marijuana therefore further taxes the corrections system and slows down the workings of judicial courts."
"The legalization of marijuana would also free up valuable law enforcement resources, so that police could address other, more dangerous crimes. In his analysis of the costs of enforcing marijuana laws, Harvard economist Jeffrey Miron estimates that the taxpayers spend $7.7 billion annually (Lazarus 2005). This figure could certainly be allotted towards other vital activities, such as the training and recruitment of more police officers. A recent FBI study, for example, notes that violent crime has increased 28 percent in 2005."
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Police Roles, 2007.
This paper looks at the four main tasks of police officers.
1,041 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how media portrayals have contributed to a public perception of police officers as crime fighters. The paper shows that, while these portrayals are correct in acknowledging this important role, the media tends to overshadow the other equally important roles of police officers. The paper therefore takes a look at all four roles of police officers: as crime fighters, crime preventers, maintainers of social order and finally as social servants. The paper provides examples of how police officers fill these different tasks.
From the Paper
"A large part of the role of police officers falls under the category of maintaining order. When social conditions are at an optimum level - such as low or controlled levels of crime - it is vital to ensure that the status quo is maintained. As the Broken Windows theory of crime states, if social order deteriorates as seen in conditions such as an increasing number of broken windows in the community, then more serious criminal activities are sure to follow."
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