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The U.S. and the International Criminal Court, 2008.
This paper focuses on the opposition of the United States to the establishment of the International Criminal Court.
958 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how despite the admirable goals of the International Criminal Court (ICC), the Bush Administration opposed its establishment and is resisting its authority. The paper explains the Bush Administration's claim that the ICC would be misused by smaller countries and render American military personnel and government officials vulnerable to war crimes charges. The paper concludes that as long as the United States actively opposes the ICC, it will find it difficult to establish itself as an effective international judicial body.
From the Paper
"McPherson (1992) notes that the goals of such a court reflect the broad international consensus that judicial proceedings involving international disputes should be administered by a court that has truly global jurisdiction and is not hindered or restricted by international politics. Through such a court, the laws of sovereign states could no longer be ignored by any nation or citizen of any nation, and disputes between citizens or companies from different nations could be settled by an impartial court with worldwide jurisdiction."
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Pedophilia Control In California, 2008.
An analysis of the laws regarding pedophilia in the state of California and a review of the treatment options that are available.
2,020 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper introduces the psychological condition of pedophilia and reviews the basic laws regarding this issue in California. The paper argues that the best way to protect society is for the psychological and medical community to find a way to prevent child molesters from re-offending once they are released from prison. It discusses examples of treatments and argues that chemical treatments should be used, because this has been shown to be the most successful, and thus is most likely to lower the rate of sex crimes against minors.
From the Paper
"A more promising initiative was also started in 1996, when the California state legislature passed a bill to force paroled, repeat child molesters to undergo a weekly injection of a hormone to reduce sex drive - Depo-Provera. The injection is referred to as a kind of chemical castration. The bill also made it possible for this sentence to be carried out in first-time offenders. Critics say that this is cruel and unusual punishment, in that it stops men for example from becoming fathers, and it may have physical side-effects. On the other hand, proponents of the injection system note that in countries where this has been used, the recidivism rate has dropped to 15%. What this means is that 50% less men are assaulting children. It is argued that the fact that these proven offenders may not be able to have children, and may suffer some mild side-effects, pales into insignificance compared to the fact that so many children will be spared from sexual violation, which may caused them long term suffering. In effect, it means the proven-guilty must suffer, rather than the innocent. If this is what it takes, and if this is the only way to reduce pedophiliac acts, then it is argued that this is the way to go (Van Biema)."
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Community-based Incarceration and Criminal Justice, 2008.
An analysis of the media's role in criminal justice issues and a look at community-based alternatives to incarceration.
2,706 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 12 sources, APA, $ 81.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews a number of issues pertaining to criminal justice. Firstly, the paper look at the role of the media in criminal justice issues. It then discusses whether or not the criminal justice system can legitimately be called a "system" or whether another description is apt. The paper also examines community-based alternatives to incarceration and, lastly, examines how restorative and community-based approaches to punishment are preferable to punishment-based approaches.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Criminal Justice: Specific Issues
Issue One: The Role of the Media
Issue Two: Major Components of the Criminal Justice System
Issue Three: Community-based Alternatives to Prison
Issue Four: Community/Restorative Justice Models and their Difference from Punitive Models of Justice
From the Paper
"Going further, the simple reality is that one study after another seems to illustrate the fact that punitive criminal justice (incarceration, long sentences, the de-emphasis of diversionary programs by justices when passing sentence) does nothing to reduce crime on its own (Wilson et al, 2002). Ostensibly, all human beings are blessed with a certain measure of capital - intellectual and emotional capital being the most important - and maximizing this human capital by teaching individuals how to serve others, how to behave responsibly and how to curb darker impulses is the best way by which a society can reduce the likelihood that it will become over-run by crime. It may also be added that the essential reason why community-based and restorative justice models are gaining such favor (they have been, albeit to varying degrees, in favor among academics since at least the 1970s) is because the failings of punishment-based justice - the over-crowding of American prisons, high recidivism rates, the growing cost of keeping people behind bars - have become manifest in the eyes of many close observers and new, more innovative approaches are desperately needed."
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Prostitution and Human Trafficking, 2008.
This paper discusses the topic of prostitution and human trafficking in Europe, noting the difficulty in analyzing the issue due to the hardship in obtaining relevant information.
2,009 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that tackling the issue of human trafficking and prostitution in Europe is a difficult one because the information available is rarely comprehensive or complete. The writer points out that prostitution is, for the most part, an underground economy, which is harder to collect statistical information about, and illegal immigrant prostitution is an even murkier research landscape. This paper attempts to deconstruct arguments made about human trafficking and prostitution in Europe. Sources used are academic texts and journals, as well as some more mainstream content. This paper imparts some idea as to how awkwardly large the question is, as well as the challenges that researchers will face when collecting data and suggesting new policies that might ease the suffering of women caught up in the vicious circles of immigrant prostitution in Europe.
From the Paper
"Bort believes that it is important to discuss the existing correlations will help people discern how the connection of crime and illegal immigration is forged by poverty. He supports this view by discussing the issues surrounding the quality of life at two sides of a border where one nation enjoys a higher standard of living than the other, with the obvious point that the tendency is for women to be shipped west from less affluent eastern countries. Ultimately, he points to financial despair and disparity, along with cloudy ideas about border policy as being primary sources of the existing problem. The evidence he presents sounds plausible, but it is all cited as secondary sources, with little hard data for the reader to digest. Though the sources are from respectable government and academic institutions, there are no hard numbers crunched in Bort's report."
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Money Laundering: What Is It and How Do We Fight It?, 2008.
A paper that discusses the criminal activity of money laundering.
811 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
This paper explains the criminal activity of money laundering. Estimates vary as to how much money laundering is occurring in the world - as it is an illicit trade in money and published statistics from the criminals involved are not forthcoming. The author concludes that the goal of law enforcement agencies in the United States must be to attack the underlying systems and processes the make money laundering possible, if any headway against this financial crime is expected to be made.
From the Paper
"Money laundering is, most basically, any effort to disguise profits made through criminal activities to that they will appear to be nothing more than legitimate profits from investments (Cleaning up, 1997). Estimates vary as to how much money laundering is occurring in the world. After all, it is an illicit trade in money; published statistics from the criminal involved are not forthcoming. Nevertheless, law enforcement agencies estimate that several hundred billion dollars of new money enters the global economy each year, with a total criminal stock counted in the trillions. Put another way, money laundering accounts for anywhere between 2% and 5% of the total global GDP (Cleaning up, 1997; Kelly, 1998). This is a significant sum, to say the least."
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Police and Ethics, 2008.
This paper argues that there must be public confidence in the ethical standards of the police.
2,429 words (approx. 9.7 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 74.95
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Abstract
The paper maintains that police departments have to institute and follow stronger ethical guidelines and enforce the measures aggressively in order to demonstrate a commitment to ethical behavior to the community. The paper looks at the community policing programs in Pittsburgh and in Los Angeles that involve creating partnerships with local government, police, schools and community groups for the prevention of crime. The paper also looks at relations between the police and the black community. The paper concludes that a stronger enforcement mechanism has to be instituted to see that behavior conforms to the ethical precepts set forth and that the public has confidence that this is so.
From the Paper
"The city police represent the most visible aspect of law enforcement in the community, backed up by the courts, by state and federal levels, and by organizations both public and private dedicated to some aspect of law enforcement and the administration of justice. For most people, however, the local police would be the agency to call when a problem is perceived and help is needed. This places considerable pressure on the city police both to serve the public and also to represent law enforcement for the public. Problems develop in the latter role whenever a department or an individual officer engage in unethical behavior or otherwise cross the line, and the scrutiny given to the police at this level assures that every infraction discovered will become fodder for news reports and criticism from the community. The problem is clearly more acute in some communities, meaning poor and minority communities that do not trust the police even before such a problem erupts."
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"Winning the War Against Youth Gangs", 2008.
A review of the arguments in and presentation of Valerie Wiener's book, "Winning the War Against Gangs: A Guide for Teens, Families, and Communities."
736 words (approx. 2.9 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses and reviews Valerie Wiener's book, "Winning the War Against Gangs: A Guide for Teens, Families, and Communities." The paper discusses Wiener's points and the ways that she presents her points in the book. It discusses the positive and negative aspects of her arguments and the presentation of her points and concludes that the problem of gangs need a better guide.
From the Paper
"Gangs have serious drawbacks. Gangs often require brutal initiation rituals. They often involve young people in crime. They are pushing youngsters into violence. To a young person who feels that he (or she) has nothing and has no place in the world, however, a gang is often attractive compared to the alternative, nihilistic emptiness. Wiener does not yet have the compelling answers that she would like to provide. The teens, families, and communities seeking to deal with the problem of gangs need a better guide."
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The Al Capone of Libya, 2008.
This paper draws parallels between Libyan leader, Muammar al-Qaddafi and famous gangster, Al Capone.
1,743 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 56.95
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Abstract
The paper provides a comparison of Al Capone, the Chicago gangster and leader of organized crime, and Muammar al-Qaddafi, the Libyan ruler. The paper shows how both Capone and Qaddafi were individuals that led an organization to control others on a large scale, using political and violent means to gain power. The paper explains that the correlations between the lives of Capone and Qaddafi are significant because they demonstrate the elements that are essential in creating future gangsters.
From the Paper
"In the late 1890s the term gangster began to be used in the United States, referring to the member of a gang that committed criminal acts and that was not accepted in society ("Gangster, 2007; "Gangster defintion", 2007). Criminal acts could be as simple as stealing a newspaper or an apple from the corner fruit stand. To be a gangster at the time simply meant that the individual was bad and that those he associated with were bad as well. However, when Al Capone began to be noticed as someone that was the leader of organized crime he was labeled as public enemy number one and the term gangster took on a completely new meaning. A gangster, in the eyes of the American criminal justice system, was an individual that attempted to live above the law, made a living committing criminal acts, was violent, a menace to the society of law abiding citizens and was a member of a gang that was known as organized crime."
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Prostitution in the U.S.A., 2008.
This paper argues that prostitution in the U.S.A. should be legalized.
2,120 words (approx. 8.5 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 66.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, although prostitution is often referred to as the world's oldest profession, it is not so much a profession as a job of last resort for marginalized, poor women. The author argues that it needs to be recognized that prostitutes are workers like everyone else and should enjoy the same rights and protections. The paper stresses that, most importantly, prostitutes must not be further victimized by punitive legislation. The author points out that, since the prostitution industry will not go away, society should stop wasting tax dollars on trying to forcibly eliminate it. The paper recommends that steps should be taken to make life easier for these sex workers by such actions as providing health care.
Table of Contents:
Executive Summary
Introduction
Background: How We Think about Prostitution
Purpose of the Study
Scope of the Study: Abuse Faced by Prostitutes
Sources and Methods
Reasons Why Prostitutes Do Not Use Legal and Policing
Resources, and Suggested Solutions
Reasons for Not Reporting Crimes
Why We Have an Obligation to Protect Prostitutes
The Current Legal Situation in the USA
Decriminalization: A Possible Solution?
Treating Prostitutes with the Same Respect as Other Workers
Ensuring Prostitutes have Access to Health Care
Recommendations
From the Paper
"Since the 1970s, prostitution and related crimes have been totally illegal in the USA (except in thirteen counties in Nevada). The legal definitions of prostitution that are used vary, but most define prostitution as an exchange of money for sex. There are also laws against pandering and procuring, which are directed at people such as pimps. The legal definition of pimping is usually living off the earnings of a prostitute. This is usually totally illegal. All of these laws totally ignore the fact that prostitution is often not a choice."
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Statutory Interpretation in "Nguyen; R. v. Hess", 2008.
A case study presentation of the case of "Nguyen; R. v. Hess" and discussion of the federal statute Section 146(1).
2,082 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 65.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses Section 146(1) which is a federal statute insofar as it falls under Canadian federal criminal law. The paper begins by presenting the case of "Nguyen; R. v. Hess" in which Victor Hess and Van Nguyen were each charged with having sexual intercourse with a young woman under the age of fourteen - an activity that clearly contravenes section 146(1) of the Canadian Criminal Code and its prohibition against statutory rape. The paper discusses the case and the history of the laws in Canada.
Table of Contents:
Case Brief
Facts
Procedural History
Legal Arguments
Issues
Decision
Reasons for Majority Decision
Ratio (Guiding Rationale of the Majority)
Obiter Dictum
Dissent
The Essay
From the Paper
"The parliament has the regulatory authority to re-shape as well as introduce bills that, with the assent of both Houses, can become law under the Canadian Criminal Code. With regards to Sections 151 and 152 of the Code, there is presently a movement afoot to elevate the age to which a child can lawfully consent to sexual activity from 14 to 16. Of course, the Parliament (and the government, of course) is rather constrained by the dictates of the Canadian Constitution; more specifically, the modifications made to any section of the Criminal Code must align with Section 7 and Section 15 guarantees of the Charter unless the implicit concept of proportionality as outlined under Section 1 of the Charter permits otherwise. In that sense, members of the federal judiciary have ultimate power in assessing the merits of the law."
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Capital Punishment in South Carolina, 2008.
An analysis of the capital punishment laws in South Carolina compared to other states and a discussion over their future.
1,678 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the history of the capital punishment statute in South Carolina from 1912. It discusses the debate over the laws and the current situation. The paper also compares the capital punishment laws between the different states and how they have been applied. In addition, the paper examines the arguments against the death penalty and suggests that the death penalty will slowly deteriorate into nothing.
From the Paper
"Basically, there are some people who believe that the death penalty should continue especially if they were victims or relatives of the victims. If the death penalty happens in one or two states only and people see that the murder rate declines when trials are set in those places, the boundaries would definitely change. In other words, if a murder happened in Columbia, South Carolina and the trial was set in Texas since the death penalty exist and all evidence pointed that way and was convicted, sentence to die, and executed; other states may join in to decrease murder rates."
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Mediation and Domestic Violence, 2008.
This paper argues against mediation in cases of domestic violence.
1,536 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the issue of domestic violence has been debated for decades throughout the criminal justice system, government and society. The writer points out that because there has been a steady increase in the number of domestic violence cases over time, it has been suggested that mediation may be the solution to resolving issues, saving families and stopping the continued violence through communication. The writer discusses that mediation, however, by its very nature suggests that there are two parties that are equal and that there is a desire for there to be a solution that is equitable to both individuals. Therefore, the writer maintains that while there are many segments of society that believes that mediation is appropriate in domestic violence cases, it is evident that if equality does not exist between the parties, mediation is not a solution to the issue.
From the Paper
"Although this is becoming the standard of practice in the court system, it is also not always achieved effectively because of the lack of skill in domestic violence cases that exists in the court system. Therefore, wives that have experienced domestic violence may be directed to enter mediation, even though the situation calls for other actions to be taken that would prevent further violence.
"The State of Georgia has determined that mediation can be effective in domestic violence cases if proper screenings occur prior to the onset of the mediation process. The state has placed into affect procedures in which mediation can be considered in domestic violence situations, where there is no threat to the individuals being abused and in which the mediators are specifically trained to work with domestic violence cases."
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