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21st Century Perspectives on Ageing, 2007.
An analysis of all aspects of the ageing process in the 21st century and suggestions of how to age well.
28,199 words (approx. 112.8 pages), 100 sources, APA, $ 249.95
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Abstract
This paper provides an overview of the definitions, conditions and various physical, as well as psychological, social and cultural aspects of ageing in the 21st Century. The paper focuses not only on the psychological aspects of ageing but is more holistic in its approach and views the interrelationship between physical and biological ageing and social and demographic aspects in the contemporary world. The paper concludes by providing an outline and suggestions related to the various components of ageing well.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Brief Literature Overview
Methodology
Section One. Components Of Aging
What Is Ageing: Definitions Of Senescence, Views And Demographics
Defining Ageing: The Relationship Between Individual And Social Ageing
Demographics
How And Why We Age
Causative Facets And Theories In Senescence Or Ageing
Evolutionary Theories And Longevity
Cellular Senescence
Ageing And Chemical Damage
Contemporary Theoretical Stances
The Biological Aspects Of Ageing
The Effects Of Biological Ageing On The Body
Memory And Cognitive Decline
Major Health Concerns Of The Aged.
Dementia And Alzheimer's Disease
Arthritis
Cancer
COPD And Asthma
Coronary Heart Disease
Diabetes And Osteoporosis
HTN And Stroke
Thyroid Problems
Glaucoma
Gender Specific Health Issues
Women's Health Problems
Menopause
Uterine Problems
Male Health Issues
Mental Problems
Section Two. The Social Components Of Ageing
Social Aspects
The Social Needs Of The Elderly
The Importance Of Family
Care Of The Elderly
Living Arrangements
Informal Caregiving
Section Three: Components Of Aging Well
Introduction
Physical Components Of Ageing Well
Nutrition
Avoiding Alcohol And Smoking
Exercises For The Elderly
Intellectual Activities And Attitude
Volunteerism And Personal Development
Anti-Ageing Medicine And Lifestyle
Social Aspects Of Ageing Well
The Importance Of Family And Home Care
Religion And Faith As Factors In Ageing Well
Religion And Social Support
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Furthermore, the family is the social institution that "continues to provide most care and supportive services to their older members." (Informal Caregiving) Family structures in society are estimated to account for about 80 percent of all elderly care in industrialized societies. (Informal Caregiving) This form of care can include short term care after illness or surgery as well as long term assistance when an elderly person is disabled or ill for long periods of time. The type of essential care that family members provide includes "...direct services (grocery shopping, transportation to doctors), the purchase of services (housecleaning, nursing services) and the management of services (coordinating and overseeing medical/rehabilitative care) as well as emotional and social support." (Informal Caregiving)"
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The Freedom of Aging Women, 2006.
This paper discusses the benefits of old age for women, based on the poem "When I am an Old Woman I shall Wear Purple" by Jenny Joseph.
2,655 words (approx. 10.6 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 79.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how we can ascertain what aging women expect their futures to be like and how they view old age by reading their poetry and other writings. In "When I am an Old Woman I Shall Wear Purple," (also known as "Warning") we learn that aging women are released from the tyranny of physical beauty. They are free to tap into themselves and rediscover the old liveliness lying dormant since they were young children. The poem offers a positive approach to aging and opens a vista of freedom and possibilities. The poem makes the revolutionary statement that aging isn't so bad after all.
Contents:
Method
Analysis
Discussion
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The poem is a reassurance to these women that old age has some positive aspects and is something to which they can look forward. In just a few years, they will no longer have to continue their efforts to maintain society's ideal of beauty--that is, a youthful and thin appearance. The poem, taken as a whole, also implies that it is a relief not to have to be sexually attractive to men anymore: "You can wear terrible shirts and grow more fat..." In other words, there is freedom in not having to dress for other people, particularly for the male gaze, anymore. The first time I read this poem, I was reminded of my mother. When she reached the age of 79 and her 80th birthday was coming up soon, she gave up wearing a corset because, as she quietly explained to me, "I have reached an age now where I have a right to be comfortable.""
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Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT), 2006.
This paper is a research proposal to explore the effects of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on post menopausal quality of life.
1,975 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that psychological and psychosocial disturbances can reduce the quality of life experienced by post menopausal women; therefore, it is vital that researchers concentrate their efforts on uncovering plausible and effective therapies to improve the mental health and well being of patients during their menopausal and post menopausal years. The author points out that, while the physical side effects and psychosocial side effects of menopause itself have been well studied, relatively little literature exists regarding the mental health and well being of women in the post menopausal phase of life. The paper explains that the longitudinal design of this study will enable the researcher to collect data on the defined variables over time in order to assess the causal relationship that exists between HRT therapy and the quality of life reported by women participating in the study.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Purpose of Study
Background to the Problem
Objectives of Study
Significance of Study
Method
Research Design
Procedure
Data Analysis
Predicted Results
Discussion
From the Paper
"In conducting the study, the researcher will undoubtedly run into some obstacles including determining how to measure change in the participants' health and well being, examining the extent of change and the attributes of change for purposes of the study. Measuring change is a key concept vital to longitudinal research design. As this study is qualitative in nature, the data will be presented via narratives, observations and transcripts from the survey to record and measure data appropriately."
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J. Joseph's "When I am an Old Woman I Shall Wear Purple", 2005.
This paper explores the concept of 'preminiscence' in aging women's poetry by examining a famous poem about the coming of old age, J. Joseph's "When I am an Old Woman I Shall Wear Purple" (aka "Warning").
2,655 words (approx. 10.6 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 79.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that 'preminiscence', the process of projecting the future, is important to the process of aging, which implies that, on the basis of past experience, women shape their futures. The author points out that, in "When I am an Old Woman I Shall Wear Purple" (AKA "Warning"), the reader learns that aging women, no longer needing to succumb to the temptations of diet aids, beauty products and cosmetic surgery, are released from the tyranny of physical beauty and are free to tap into themselves and rediscover the old feistiness, lying dormant since they were 10 years old. The paper concludes that this poem offers a positive approach to aging and a vista of freedom and possibilities by making the revolutionary statement that aging isn't so bad, after all. Poem included.
Table of Contents
'Preminiscence'
Method
Analysis
Discussion
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The collection of women's life histories shows that during her 70s, widowhood is a likely possibility for most women. According to Coyle (1997), "Women on the average live longer than men. Women experience a greater life expectancy than men, and as a result, they comprise the majority of older adults." Widowhood is so common, in fact, that women regard it as something like a rite of passage, and although it is initially a shock and extremely painful for many of them, they do recover and reach a point where they see it as a whole new stage of life."
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Alzheimer's Disease, 2006.
This paper describes Alzheimer's disease and some suspected causes.
1,497 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease and examines possible causes for the condition. A description of the discovery of the disease is followed by a discussion of its symptoms. A significant portion of the paper is a review of current literature regarding causes of Alzheimer's disease. The paper concludes with a description of populations at risk of developing Alzheimer's disease.
Table of Contents
AD History
Suspected Causes of AD
Is AD Contagious?
Is it Caused by Something we Eat?
Other Risk Factors
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Proteins, not necessarily those consumed but rather those made in the body, have also formed a basis for AD research. Pathologist George C. Glenner, in 1983, examined the molecular structure of [beta]-amuloid, a structure that constitutes the tip of the plaques present in AD, and discovered that the concentration of these amyloids is particularly high, appearing like strips of sticky substance spilled on a floor and gumming up the works (Odle, 2003). Since Glenner's work, new research indicates that [beta]-amyloid is toxic to neurons, and could therefore easily lead to cell destruction."
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Detecting, Documenting and Reporting Incidents of Elder Abuse, 2006.
A study of the detection, documentation and reporting incidents of elder abuse.
1,875 words (approx. 7.5 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 59.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a background of the problem of elder abuse followed by a review and discussion of the relevant literature. The study uses a retrospective review of adverse patient incident reports in selected Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Centers (VAMCs) and domiciles in the United States. The paper determines what controlling legislation is in place and the associated responsibilities for healthcare practitioners. It notes that the next step involves detecting and substantiating cases of elder abuse when they occur or are suspected of having occurred. The paper further discusses what should be done when abuse has taken place. A summary of the research is provided in the conclusion, where it is noted that virtually all sources suggest the rates of elder abuse are on the increase. However, the definitions of elder abuse have been sufficiently codified in recent years that such incidents can be identified and, when appropriate, reported, investigated and actions can be taken to prevent such abuse in the future.
From the Paper
"Today, there are more elderly than ever before, and their numbers are expected to increase as a percentage of the population in the coming years (Litwin & Zoabi, 2004). Based on this increase in numbers of elderly citizens, it is also reasonable to assume that there will be a concomitant increase in the incidence of elder abuse as well. In fact, in recent years, elder abuse by family members has been identified as a growing problem in Western societies (Bergeron & Gray, 2003; Litwin & Zoabi, 2004); however, it is difficult or perhaps even impossible to know whether elder abuse is actually increasing or decreasing because there is a paucity of national prevalence studies (Litwin & Zoabi, 2004; Johnson, 1991; Ebersole & Hess, 1998). The data that is available, though, suggests that the incidence of elder abuse is on the increase, particularly among those aged 75 years and above (Pritchard, 1993). According to the National Elder Abuse Incidence Study, the most accurate national estimate is that a total of 449,924 elderly people, aged 60 years and over, were the victims of abuse and/or neglect in domestic settings alone in 1996 (p. 6). Furthermore, of that number, just 16 percent or so, or approximately 71,987 cases, were actually reported to elder protection agencies (Bergeron & Gray, 2003). This means that across the country, there were approximately 380,000 cases of elder abuse in the home that went unreported - which is not to say undetected - during that year. Moreover, the National Center on Elder Abuse estimated the number of elder abuse cases across the country in all settings to be from 820,000 to 1,860,000 (cited in Ebersole & Hess, 1998). In reality, though, it does not matter whether elder mistreatment is increasing or decreasing because the fact that some elder citizens continue to experience unnecessary suffering is adequate to warrant attention (Johnson, 1991)."
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Epidemiology of Staphylococcus Aureus, 2006.
The study of staphylococcus aureus, a highly infectious disease in hospitals which particularly affects the elderly.
1,412 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
One of the more challenging problems associated with hospital stays is the nosocomial infections which are caused primarily by staphylococcus aureus. The pathogen appears to be developing specific resistances to the pharmacological weapons developed to date, and the disease continues to represent a threat for many elderly people and those who are already weakened by other physical problems. To determine the cause and potential continuing threat represented by this bacterium, this paper provides a review of the epidemiology of staphylococcus aureus to determine the development of the current body of knowledge about the disease. This is followed by a summary of the research and concludes that this threat will continue and the precautions that need to be taken to try to avoid it.
From the Paper
"While the world has never been a sterile place, it would seem that one of the most prevalent and virulent of mankind's microscopic foes has always been Staphylococcus aureus. In fact, staphylococci are ubiquitous, and approximately 30 percent to 50 percent of healthy human beings will be carrying staphylococci at any one time (Eidson, Olson & Sewell, 1997). Staphylococcus aureus is a genus of spherical bacteria of the family Micrococcaceae; the Staphylococcus aureus is universally present in enormous numbers on the mucous membranes and skin of humans and other warm-blooded animals. The umbrella term, "staphylococcus" is popularly used for all the species of the family, and is a reference to the cells' tendency to aggregate in grapelike clusters (Staphylococcus, 2005). Staphylococci are microbiologically characterized as gram-positive (in young cultures), non-spore-forming, nonmotile, facultative anaerobes (e.g., not requiring oxygen); the cells of S. aureus average 1 mm (micrometer; 1 mm = 10-6 meter) in diameter and are usually clustered (Staphylococcus, 2005)."
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Music Therapy and Alzheimer's Disease, 2006.
This paper reviews and analyzes the published literature pertaining to the use of music therapy in caring for individuals diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease and dementia.
1,123 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper delves into how and why musical therapy offers a better quality of life when used with patients suffering from the effects of dementia or Alzheimer's. The writer of this paper details the results of the Remington study which exposed individuals to either music, massage or both in 10-minute intervals to see both the long and short-term effects it had on patients diagnosed with dementia and Alzheimer's. The writer analyzes the published scientific reports and studies that prove music and music therapy stimulates the minds of young children and can thus be used in older individuals to aid in re-stimulating the mind. This paper focuses on both the physical and psychological side-effects of dementia and Alzheimer's before music therapy as well as after receiving treatment. This paper also examines the genetic and environmental causes of dementia and Alzheimer's as well as the importance of early detection in order to offset, at least temporarily, the eventually devastating side-effects of both diseases.
From the Paper
"Some studies have also indicated that the risk of developing dementia rises when the individual has a lower education and lower lifetime occupational achievement. Because of this, the importance of stimulating the mind and keeping it active can readily be seen. This is largely where music therapy comes into the equation. Music does stimulate the mind, and there is scientific evidence that children that study music perform better in school. With this in mind, music can then be used to help those whose minds are starting to fail, by stimulating those minds once again. This may not work for everyone with dementia, but studies have shown that there are some positive effects for most individuals, and that is certainly enough to warrant a further examination of the issue. Music therapy has been used for some time for the elderly."
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Ageism, 2006.
A discussion on the general welfare of the aged.
1,976 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 16 sources, MLA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the history of discrimination against the elderly, known as ageism. It discusses how Maggie Kuhn became an activist and created the Senior Rights' Organization named the 'Gray Panthers'. The author expands on the aims of this organization to bring about awareness, better social welfare and legislation for equal opportunities within the job arena.
From the Paper
"It appears that some policies deliberately exclude or segregate certain minority groups like African-American, and so on, and women and the elderly are also considered to be among the minority group of oppressed citizens. (Continuum on becoming an anti-racist multi-cultural institution) However, not everywhere is there discrimination against the ageing population; in fact, the policy named 'Culturally Appropriate Aged Care', supports the various 'Access and Equity Policies', which make sure that the elderly population of Australia, irrespective of their cultural or racial or linguistic backgrounds, would have an equal amount of 'culturally appropriate aged care', and since the implementation of this program would require that languages other than English would have to be used, this is also taken care of, and this means that the policy would benefit not only those people form indigenous communities, but also immigrants from non-English speaking countries."
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Late Adulthood Bereavement, 2006.
A discussion on bereavement focusing on people in their late adulthood.
1,507 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper begins with a definition of bereavement and grief. Loss of a spouse is rated as the most stressful life event across all ages and cultural backgrounds. The paper continues to explore the myriad of literature on the topic of dealing with grief in late adulthood. In conclusion, it explores the diagnosis, symptoms and treatment of grief.
From the Paper
"At least 10 -20 percent of widows and widowers develop clinically significant depression during the first year of bereavement, and without treatment, such depressions tend to persist, become chronic and lead to further disability and impairments (Older pp). Bereavement-associated depression often coexists with another type of emotional distress, which has been termed traumatic grief, the symptoms of which, although not formalized as a mental disorder in DSM-IV, appear to be a mixture of symptoms of both pathological grief and post-traumatic stress disorder (Older pp). Such symptoms are extremely disabling, associated with functional and health impairment and with persistent suicidal thoughts, and may well respond to pharmacotherapy (Older pp)."
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Music Therapy, 2006.
An analysis of the use of music therapy in the care of patients with Alzheimer's disease/dementia.
887 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
Currently, there is no cure for Alzheimer's disease/dementia and it gets progressively worse as the patient continues to age. Despite the lack of a cure, however, there are some treatments that are just coming to light where Alzheimer's disease/dementia is concerned and many of these are alternative treatments, such as music therapy.This paper attempts to determine whether music therapy can improve the quality of life and cognitive function of patients that suffer from Alzheimer's disease/dementia and whether the medications that these individuals take affect this music therapy in any way.
Outline
Statement of the Problem
Research Question
Significance of the Research
Potential Contribution to the Discipline of Nursing
The Appropriateness of the Qualitative Research Approach
From the Paper
"Music therapy has been used in the past, largely on the elderly population, whether or not these individuals were suffering from Alzheimer's disease or any kind of dementia. A study that was conducted into this issue looked at the effect of calming music, the effect of hand massage, and the effect of both of these things together on a sample population of elderly nursing home residents (Remington, 2002). The results of the study indicated that nonphysical aggressiveness did decrease somewhat during and after the treatments, but that combining the music and the massage had no greater effect than simply using one or the other of the therapies (Remington, 2002). Other studies have also looked at the use of music to control fear, pain, nervousness, and other issues."
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The Elderly and Driver's Tests, 2006.
A look at the need to reassess policies regarding the vision of elderly drivers.
4,158 words (approx. 16.6 pages), 25 sources, MLA, $ 111.95
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Abstract
Due to the population change in the United States, or what is called the "graying of America," the next couple of decades will significantly increase the number of individuals over the age of 65 who are driving on the country's roadways. This paper examines how, because a variety of physical and psychological conditions that either become worse or arise after the age of 50, and because older individuals are involved with a greater number of motor vehicle accidents, it would seem practical that proactive measures be taken at this time. It suggests that special examinations be developed and administered prior to re-licensing that test for the conditions that are most prevalent with aging so that the safety of older individuals and others on the road will be protected.
Outline
Abstract
Historical Background
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Across the country, states are thus assessing the need for drivers tests for elderly. Pennsylvania law requires a doctor to report any condition that impairs a patient's ability to drive. Of 21,000 reports on questionable drivers filed with Pennsylvania officials in 2004, nearly 6,000 resulted in license suspensions, with 181 of the suspensions because of neurological disorders like Alzheimer's disease. In Canada, drivers over 80 are required to take medical examinations before renewing driver's licenses in British Columbia. Ontario drivers over 80 may have to take a road test every two years. Florida, the state with the largest percentage of seniors, issues licenses for six years, but drivers over 79 must pass a vision test. "
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