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Restraints, 2006.
A discussion on the use of restraints in both medical and psychiatric patients.
2,232 words (approx. 8.9 pages), 16 sources, APA, $ 69.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the controversial issue of restraints and their use in certain medical and psychiatric treatments. It considers concerns regarding the correct and incorrect use of restraints, the types of restraints that are available for use, if the use of restraints causes the patient further physical and/or psychological problems and the effects that caring for a patient with restraints may have on the nursing staff.
From the Paper
"Another alternative that may be discussed is the use of chemical restraint via psychoactive medications. Unfortunately, the use of medications like benzodiazepines, antipsychotic and other sedative medications have unpredictable effects in the elderly and in some cases may actually contribute to the patient's confusion or agitation. The phenomenon of "sundowning" is frequently seen, where elderly patients become more agitated in the early evening hours especially when sedative medications are used. One may consider that the use of chemical restraint is preferable to physical restraint, but in the setting of adverse side effects, the benefit/risk ratio must be carefully weighed."
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Developmental Aging through the Cognitive Process, 2005.
A research paper looking at three different ranges of the aging process.
4,390 words (approx. 17.6 pages), 15 sources, APA, $ 115.95
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Abstract
This study researches aging from the aspect of cognitive development, which includes all aspect of adult development including theory and research. This work is done from the view of a cognitive cohorts aspect inclusive of case studies, which state that this is from both the male and female perspective. Phases of Development are inclusive of mental, physical and emotional changes experienced by the aging individual. The three ranges covered in respect to developmental cohorts are those of Middle Age range 40-60 years of age, Older Mature Phase 60-80 years of age and Elder Range of ages 80 and beyond.
Table of Contents
Purpose
Introduction
Disease and Aging
Life Span
Molecular/Cellular Changes in Aging
Aging Theories
Accelerated Aging Diseases
Developmental Psychological Aspects of Aging
Developmental Cohorts
Facts of Aging
Cognitive Development
Piaget Theorist: Four States of Human Cognitive Development
Literature Review
Physiological Signs of Aging
Outward Signs of Aging
Adult Developmental Stages
Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper
"Aging has many different variables and occurs at rates that are different among individuals and among species. Senescence is viewed by gerontologists as a "collection of degenerative entropic processes related only by the fact that the occurrence is over a period of time. One theory is the "Loose Cannon Theory" which proposes that an entropy-producing agent-free radical or glucose disrupts cellular macromolecular constituents over a period of time.""
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Program Planning for Cancer Care, 2005.
A paper looking at the cancer care and prevention options for the elderly in America.
1,474 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This study assesses the cancer prevention and treatment programs available to the elderly people of America. The paper points out the need for implementing high-quality quality cancer treatment and prevention programs both by the private sector, as well as the government and attempts to reveal the best possible program currently being implemented in America.
Review of Related Literature
The Fundamental Principals of "Comprehensive Cancer Control"
A Coordinated Public Health Methodology
Effectiveness of the CCC Program
Conclusion
From the Paper
"While many programs have been initiated to minimize the spread of cancer, it is a discouraging fact that not many programs have been successful. For instance, in 1985, "The National Cancer Institute" (NCI) launched a number of carefully measured goals to decrease the number of deaths being caused due to cancer by the year 2000. The program failed miserably as it aimed to control cancer only through the viability of declines in cancer related deaths, rather than particulars on the methods and procedures that will lead to this decline (Lawrence Bergner, Katherine M. Marconi, Helen I. Meissner, 1992). Many other programs have been introduced since then, but they too have failed to achieve concrete results. The purpose of this study is neither to highlight those programs nor to give reasons for their failure, rather the purpose of this study is to reveal the best possible program currently being implemented in America, either by the government or by the private sector or both."
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The Cognitive Aspects of the Aging Process, 2005.
Describes the effects that aging can have on the cognitive functions of the brain.
1,924 words (approx. 7.7 pages), 73 sources, MLA, $ 61.95
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Abstract
This paper defines cognition and explains the effects of aging on the brain in relation to memory, attention, metacognition, effects on language and the effects of aging on the executive function and finally cognitive function in very old age.
Introduction
Causes
Overview of Findings in Relation to Cognition and Aging
Cognitive Aging and Working Memory
Long-Term Memory
Environmental Support Indications
Health-Related Cognitive Function Impairment
Changes in Hormonal Levels Associated with Cognitive Decline
Medical Treatments Available
Dietary Changes
Lifestyle Changes
Nutritional Aids in Combating Cognitive Dysfunction
Summary
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Manifestations of the age-associated cognitive disorder may be in various forms including senility, loss of memory, Alzheimer's disease and dementia. Dementia is inclusive of diseases that involve nerve cell deterioration with loss in two complex behavior areas including language, memory, visual abilities, spatial abilities, and judgment."
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Cognitive Decline, 2004.
A critical examination of cognitive decline in late adulthood.
1,698 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 14 sources, MLA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses cognitive decline in older people. The paper contends that understanding the correlation between aging and cognitive decline requires in-depth research taking into account the numerous variables and theoretical perspectives. The paper agrees that while there is certainly a parallel between the onset of late adulthood and cognitive changes, these changes need not always be severely negative. The paper examines various factors that affect cognitive change.
Outline
Introduction
Overview
Methodical Issues
Retardation of Cognitive Decline
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Cognitive decline in older people is most likely to be measured and seen in terms of declarative or episodic memory. (Wilson et al., 1997. pp 7-14).This refers to the ability to learn and retain new information. Other factors that are measured in this age group, and which show evidence of decline, are mental processing skills and perceptual speed. This refers to simple perceptual comparisons which are unusually measured with accompanying time-related tasks. (ibid) People, who are diagnosed as having ARCD or Age Related Cognitive Decline normally are perceived as suffering from deterioration of memory and learning abilities as well as limited language attention span and concentration problems."
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Dementia, 2005.
This paper discusses dementia, a chronic and usually progressive deterioration of mental abilities and intellectual capacity due to changes in the brain such as widespread loss of nerve cells and the shrinkage of brain tissue.
1,345 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, since dementia is most commonly seen in the elderly, it is often erroneously considered to be part of the normal aging process; however, it is important to remember that dementia is a condition that is a result of a disease or trauma and does not occur in a healthy person simply because of old age. The author points out that the two most common forms of dementia are Alzheimer's disease and multi infarct dementia; both types are irreversible and cannot be cured, although there progress can be slowed with proper treatment. The paper relates that people with multi infarct dementia can be helped by controlling their blood pressure, blood cholesterol and diabetes to prevent further strokes; by using medications for reducing agitation, anxiety, depression, or sleeping problems; by avoiding alcohol and smoking and by continuing physical and mental activities.
Table of Contents
Is Dementia an Inevitable Part of the Aging Process?
Differentiating Dementia and Normal Aging Process
Types of Dementia
Diagnosing Dementia and the Role of the Cognitive Psychologist in Diagnosis
Helping Patients to Cope with Dementia
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Dementia affects our memory, decision-making, judgment, spatial orientation, thinking, reasoning, and verbal communication. Its symptoms may include asking the same questions repeatedly; becoming lost in familiar places; being unable to follow directions; getting disoriented about time, people, and places; and neglecting personal safety, hygiene, and nutrition. Similar symptoms are sometimes displayed by older people due to emotional problems, which can be mistaken for dementia. These emotional problems may be triggered in the older people due to the trauma of major changes in their lives such as at the time of retirement or having to cope with the death of a spouse, relative, or friend. Such emotional upheavals leave an old person feeling sad, lonely, worried, or bored. Adapting to these life-changing events can confusion and forgetfulness in some people-the classic symptoms of dementia. Fortunately, emotional problems can be eased by supportive friends and family, or by treatment from professional doctors, psychologists or counsellors and are not a permanent feature. Furthermore, certain physical conditions such as high fever, dehydration, vitamin deficiency and poor nutrition, bad reactions to medicines, problems with the thyroid gland, or a minor head injury may also result in dementia-like symptoms but the resulting condition is not dementia and needs to be treated differently."
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Japanese and American Longevity, 2005.
A discussion of the reasons why Japanese generally live longer than Americans.
2,548 words (approx. 10.2 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 77.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the reasons why Japanese longevity is 3 years more than their American counterparts. The paper discusses issues such as lifestyle choices, food choices, health care systems and urban development. The writer concludes that Americans' choice of unhealthy food is a major factor for their lower longevity.
From the Paper
"As long as profit and politics continue to drive the forces of the food industry in America the changes will never be broad. The appeal of fast food and unhealthy flashy consumables will likely speared across the world before it actually shrinks in the United States. Yet, maybe with the wisdom of these other cultures and the relative response time to derogatory changes associated with global dietary changes will come home to the consumer in America."
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Osteoporosis, 2005.
A look at the problem of osteoporosis, a debilitating bone disease.
1,610 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper presents an overview of osteoporosis, explaining that it is a disease that affects people on a global basis and is becoming more of a problem as people live longer and the global population grows. The paper also looks at the costs of treating the illness and risk factors associated with the disease.
From the Paper
"Approximately 8 million people in the United States are affected by osteoporosis (Ray, Chan, Thamer, et al, 1997). Of these, 80% are older women (Ray, Chan, Thamer, et al, 1997). In addition to this problem, another 17 million people in this country have low bone mass, which puts them at an increased risk for developing osteoporosis as they get older (Ray, Chan, Thamer, et al, 1997). Every year, 1.5 million broken bones, 500,000 of them spinal fractures and 300,000 of them broken hips, are caused by the disease (Ray, Chan, Thamer, et al, 1997). It has been predicted that 50% of women and 20% of men who are over the age of 65 will have a fracture or broken bone related to osteoporosis at some time throughout their lives (Ray, Chan, Thamer, et al, 1997). The population of the world is increasing, and the life expectancy for people in many countries is also increasing, which means that osteoporosis and the number of people afflicted with it is going to continue to rise and become even more problematic in the future (Ray, Chan, Thamer, et al, 1997). "
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Parent Caregiving, 2005.
An examination of factors involved in choosing suitable caregiving arrangements for one's elderly parents.
2,579 words (approx. 10.3 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 77.95
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Abstract
This paper examines factors regarding selecting care for one's elderly parents - the balance of work and caregiving; choosing an agency or home; guardianship; involvement of other family members and finally the stress factor. The paper also looks at one theory about caregiving known as the exchange theory.
From the Paper
"Some of these changes will come through health care reform. Granted, Medicare and Medicaid help a lot with parent caregiving, but they do not go far enough. One perfect example is the situation of immigrant elderly parents. Parent caregiving for immigrant parents is utterly non-existent on the federal and state government agendas, and this creates a situation in which elderly Americans' health deteriorates because minor conditions are exacerbated via missed doctor visits and checkups.
It is simply too expensive to care for an immigrant elderly parent in this country, and the resulting health care decisions are often highly inefficient, not to mention destructive for the parents' health too.
Some provisions must be made for caring for these elderly immigrant parents who cannot live on their own and support themselves.
These changes will not solve the problems of parent caregiving in America; they will, however, make it easier for the adult children to exercise their reciprocal roles and ensure their parents longer, happier, healthier lives."
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Elderly Access to Vaccinations, 2005.
Argues that America must ensure that programs to provide pneumococcal and influenza vaccination to the elderly are implemented to assure long-term health for senior citizens and the American health care system.
6,315 words (approx. 25.3 pages), 18 sources, MLA, $ 147.95
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Abstract
This paper determines that, because of scientific and medical data available, it is imperative for elder citizens to have access to pneumococcal and influenza immunizations. Through a thorough study of various factors, the paper concludes that failing to make these immunizations available, will result in widespread sickness and affliction, and a rising burden on America's health care tab.
Introduction
Data
What is Being Done
Effects of Failing to Provide Pneumococcal and Influenza Vaccinations for Senior Citizens
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The overwhelming conclusion of this paper is that available funds should immediately be spent to encourage our nation's senior citizens not only to get a influenza vaccination, but a pneumococcal vaccination as well.
The flu-shot shortage makes it more even more imperative for senior citizens to get a second, often overlooked vaccine that protects against a type of pneumonia germ that's a common complication of influenza.
The pneumococcal vaccine is a one-time shot for anyone 65 or older. Younger people with heart and lung illnesses, diabetes or weak immune systems need it as well, but the greatest urgency is to get the vaccination affordable and available to our nation's elderly.. It's not a replacement for a flu shot; high-risk patients should continue trying to find that.
But many of the same people most vulnerable to flu - namely, our nation's elderly -- also are at high risk from this dangerous bacterial infection. They need the pneumococcal vaccine anyway - so the focus should be on making the influenza vaccination available right alongside the pneumococcal vaccination."
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Interest Rates and Pension Plans, 2004.
An analysis of the future of pension plans in the United States.
928 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 32.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses private retirement plans and interest rates. The paper contends that private retirement plans will increase in importance for Americans over the coming years as a secondary source of income for retired Americans. The paper assesses that there is no direct relationship between the discount rate and the earnings of a pension plan's investments. However, the paper claims that constant fluctuations in the discount rate set forth by Congress make pension plan confidence uncertain.
Outline
Introduction
History of Discount Rates
Summary
From the Paper
"The strength of private retirement plans must be maintained in the upcoming years due to the increasing number of Baby Boomers who will be retiring in the United States. Many retired Americans rely on private pensions and employer-sponsored retirement savings as a secondary source of income in addition to Social Security (Brinner 131). In addition, because the human life expectancy has increased dramatically over recent years, it is very important that policymakers encourage the growth of employer-sponsored retirement plans (Hungerford et al. 13)."
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Alzheimer Patients, 2004.
An analysis of a social work internship experience with Alzheimer patients.
1,328 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper presents an overview of a social worker's service learning experience at an Alzheimer's care facility, with patients exhibiting various stages of Alzheimer's disease. The writer's experiences are examined in this paper. The paper describes what the writer learned through his interactions with older adults at the clinic, that much like anyone else, Alzheimer's patients need stimulation, warmth, compassion and an environment that encourages interaction and relationship building.
From the Paper
"My first impressions were that Legacy Gardens provided optimal care for the elderly. Up until this point in time I had held a somewhat negative image of care centers, believing that they were a place that people might 'dump' elderly family members or sick patients in order to 'wash their hands of them.' I held an image that staff were abrupt with patients and unkind, simply doing a job because they had to rather than because they wanted to. My impressions were immediately changed however, upon working at Legacy Gardens. "
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