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Toronto Youth Gangs, Rationales and 'Moral Panic', 2007.
An examination of youth gangs in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA).
2,044 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 12 sources, APA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the youth gang problem in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA). The paper explains that governmental, academic and media sources tend to discuss the gangs only in a social context, ignoring profit motivations centred on the crack cocaine industry. The paper also looks at how youth gang activity in the GTA is more entrenched than a decade ago. The paper stresses how most sources fail to identify the central factor of a crack economy that is most lucrative, notably in academic sources that may present theories and models which fail to consider differences in the crack industry supporting gangs. In conclusion, the paper shows that persons supplying millions in crack to Toronto each year are not victims of troubled identity and membership, bad housing, educational failure or the results of bigotry, but people motivated by profits.
Outline:
Introduction
Extent of Gang Activity
Varied Perceptions
Significant Crime
Concluding Discussion
From the Paper
"Educated opinion indicates a liberal position equating gang membership with poverty, low opportunity or other disadvantage in a now usual rationale given minority members to engage in criminal youth gangs. The public can be unaware of 'white' gang members or gangs without particular ethnic origin or members by no means from deprived backgrounds. The culture of delinquency involves profiting from a deadly dug, as stressed later, though the educated public can seem more concerned by police approaches to youths arrested at younger than 14 or arrests made more often within one community than another. When the Toronto Police Service cracked down on the Crips-back New Born Assassins in the Keele-Eglinton area, in response to violent planned muggings, critics noted that those arrested were mainly 14 to 15 years old, charged with conspiracy to commit an indictable robbery, robbery and disguise with intent to commit an indictable offence; the public can be unclear as to why arrests are made when youths are 'not guilty' of an actual offense."
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The Ontario Human Rights Commission, 2008.
An analysis of the achievement of the goals of Ontario Human Rights Commission and a discussion on the impact of racial profiling upon both individuals and the society of Ontario.
932 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the Ontario Human Rights Commission which was established in 1961 to administrate the Ontario Human Rights Code (enacted in 1962). It looks at how it achieved its mission and goals. Finally, the paper discusses the publication, "Paying the Price: The Human Cost of Racial Profiling" which is an account of an inquiry launched by the Ontario Human Rights Commission to study the impact of racial profiling upon both individuals and the society of Ontario as a whole.
Table of Contents:
Overview
Goals
The Impact of Racial Profiling
From the Paper
"In this regard, it advances equity by providing evidence of profiling and the impact of this profiling on individuals. Consider, for example, the case noted in Henry et al (2000) where the ruling of an African Canadian lower court judge became an prominent national political and legal controversy because she had referenced in her judgement the strained relations between police and African Canadian youth (Henry et al 156-157). While the Supreme Court ultimately supported the judge's ruling, the controversy made clear that many in Canada do not see these strained relations as a problem, nor even acknowledge their existence. As such, the findings of this Inquiry advance equity by providing ample evidence - often from police officers themselves - of the negative effects of racial profiling."
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The Most Dominating Aspect of Family Law, 2008.
This paper looks at the most prominent and important aspect of family law and concentrates on the domestic realm.
1,314 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer expands on the belief that the most dominating aspect of family law is that it pertains to the domestic sphere. Further, the writer examines the repercussions of this domestic aspect of family law. The writer notes that one can see that the dominant aspect of Canadian family law with regard to both divorce and common law couples has changed. Moreover, this was also the dominant aspect with regard to the very nature of families, in that same-sex relationships have been legitimized to the full extent of the law. The writer points out that the last-mentioned change is certainly the most dramatic, setting Canada ahead of social trends in most countries, and illustrating perhaps most clearly of all how much Canadian family law has changed.
From the Paper
"Another aspect of family law that has been dominated by change has been the important sphere of divorce law. Boyd points out that at the beginning of the 20th century, people rarely divorced. However, a century later, divorce has become common-place. In fact, in many Canadian class rooms, there are more children from "broken" families than from intact families. As the century progressed, people became more willing to break their marriage vows and start over. Also, as divorce become more and more commonplace, people began to feel less guilt and failure about getting a divorce. Moreover, it is now a more secular time, and many people simply do not take their church vows as seriously. Canadian family law seems to have recognized this softening of social attitudes towards divorce, because it has made a series of changes to divorce law. Perhaps the most salient change has been that it has become much easier to obtain a divorce, particularly with the introduction of the concept of so-called "no-fault" divorce."
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The Ontario Human Rights Commission, 2008.
This paper examines the Ontario Human Rights Commission; its goals and achievements.
935 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
The paper explains the purpose and goals of the Ontario Human Rights Commission. The paper examines the Commission's reports to determine how well it advances the achievement of equity in Ontario. The paper looks at two of the Commission's reports and points out that the publication could better advance equity by dealing in particular with the impact of the events of September 11, 2001 on Canadian justice with regard to immigrants and visible minorities.
Outline:
Purpose of the Ontario Human Rights Commission
Commission's 2005-06 Annual Report
Inquiry Report on Racial Profiling
From the Paper
"The purpose of the Ontario Human Rights Commission (established in 1961) is the administration of the Ontario Human Rights Code (enacted in 1962). The Commission is an "arms length agency of government" that is responsible to the Legislature through the Attorney General of the Province. Its staff are public servants, and its Commissioners are appointed by the government. It is supposed to investigate complaints of discrimination and harassment from members of the general public, and foster mediation between parties where possible. A secondary purpose of the organization is the prevention of discrimination through public education and policy."
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A Dialectological Study, 2007.
This paper is a dialectological study of the Peel Region, Southern Ontario, a mainly suburban area of Toronto with many new Canadians from around the world.
1,010 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that a dialectological study of the Peel region first seemed impossible due to the high ethnic diversity of the region; however, the research revealed that Peel does feature an idiom different from that of Toronto. The author points out that some verification was possible when contrasting what was heard of the English spoken by diverse Torontonians on public transit as compared to the English that new Canadians acquired if they both lived and worked in Peel. The paper stresses that this research underscores that it is not true that globalization has created a world of uniform speakers of American-English. The author concludes that this preliminary research produced the thesis that the rise of local economies that absorb people who might otherwise commute to work elsewhere promises a degree of insularity to encourage certain forms of expression. It also seemed that the first language spoken mattered less than the kind of English one learned or adopted in Canada.
Table of Contents:
Telling Remarks
Discussion
Concluding Remarks
From the Paper
"A man born in Punjab, a Canadian for 25 years, stated that there could be no Peel dialect due to a diverse population and the influence of TV that had made North American accents quite similar. At the same time, he used to syllable of "eh" and also happened to use another bit of rural jargon in referring to having gone "down" to Kingston recently when most certainly he meant across. A total of 10 subjects agreed with his opinion that there was no Peel accent or dialect but said that they found the English spoken in Toronto very halting, as if it was assumed that no stranger had English as the first language or a good command of it."
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Legalization of Drugs, 2008.
An analysis of methods to decrease illegal drug use in Canada and whether prohibited drugs should become legal.
1,992 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the problems of illegal drug use in Canada and other industrialized countries. It looks at harm reduction frameworks and how they are applied to injection drugs. It particularly discusses the harm of the reduction technique at an individual level, particularly of the safe injection sites (SIS) and whether they have achieved their aims or not. It finally discusses whether illegal drugs should continue to be prohibited or not.
Table of Contents:
Introduction: Drug problems in Canadian and Industrialized Societies
True Harm Reduction?
For Or Against Continued Prohibition Of Illegal Drugs?
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Illegalizing drug use indicates that policy-makers believe that drug problems are not a health issue, but a moral issue. Such legislation links criminality with drug use - that those who use drugs "are destroying, in some manner, the social fabric of our country and communities" (Boyd, 2005, pp. 48). The Canadian government, on the other hand, argues that criminalization is a health issue - that prohibition of marijuana, cocaine and other drugs is, in fact, the result of concern over the mental and physical health of Canadian citizens. Criminalization of illicit drugs is also justified by policy-makers in terms of protection against the perceived risks of dependence, both psychological and physical. However, this mentality does not correlate with current drug legislation. Though tobacco is freely available and marijuana is illegal in most countries, the former is much, much more addictive than the latter - in fact, tobacco is even more addictive than heroin (ibid, p. 49). Also, tobacco has far worse consequences for public health than does marijuana. So how can the government justify illegalizing marijuana and other drugs, whilst tobacco, a damaging drug, is freely available? And how can the government continue to pump money and attention into enforcing prohibition of drugs such as marijuana when all evidence suggests that the drug's very availability decreases its use?"
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A Review of Tomoko Makabe's Book "Picture Brides", 2008.
A summary and review of "Picture Brides" by Tomoko Makabe, which chronicles the lives of five Canadian-Japanese women.
1,408 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper critically reviews "Picture Brides" by Tomoko Makabe, a Japanese woman living in Canada, who became fascinated by the fact that women would go overseas to marry men they did not know. The author of this paper feels that, while the book is interesting to read, a person aware of Japan's 19th and 20th century history, and the longer story of the Japanese in North America will find little that is so 'amazing' in the experience of the five women informing Makabe's work.
From the Paper
"Also, the phenomenon to which Makabe gave her attention involved a range of factors to which she seems not to have given ample thought led by the extreme gaps in Japanese social classes in the 19th and 20th centuries. Young women choosing to marry abroad, as ever, were often people with few or no alternative prospects. Makabe seems not to have considered a number of factors of the kind. For instance, a somewhat irritating aspect of Picture Brides is the author's repeated reference to how courageous the picture brides were, in a manner showing that the author has failed to imagine the turn of the 20th century and the courage that all men and women without prospects in Japan, or anywhere else, needed in order to simply survive. Makabe's informants had come to Canada as picture brides in the 1920s, by which time many Japanese women had undertaken the same sorts of journeys, going to join a settled and working man of whom their families were apt to know little or nothing. In addition to traditional family methods of locating spouses, brokers were often involved, a woman taking some risk as ever in terms of how her husband across the world turned out to be but she went abroad with the approval of her family having settled a daughter and sometimes expecting remittance funds.
As an Oral History volume, Picture Brides would be better if the author had managed a shorter introduction on herself and tried for a briefer introduction to 100 years of Japanese in Canada. More weight should have been placed on events in Japan in the later 19th and early 20th centuries that made becoming a picture bride of appeal. For instance, Makabe notes that the women were from village backgrounds and notes how a newly industrializing Japan had few waged opportunities for women that most could not work beyond the home. She seems not to see either that as elsewhere in Asia, marriage was a necessity for poorer families, and that embarking across the world as a picture bride could solve various family problems. Becoming a picture bride was probably more strategic or simply straightforward than courageous or heroic. One gains the impression that the author was fairly sheltered or had not reflected on social reality of the time in either Japan or Canada when beginning research with the assistance of the Multicultural History Society of Ontario."
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Urban Sprawl, 2008.
This paper addresses the issue of urban sprawl in Toronto and Ontario.
1,116 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how the urban areas of Ontario and Toronto are experiencing urban sprawl. The paper describes the characteristics of urban sprawl and how it can be measured. The paper looks at urban sprawl's negative impacts on the environment, taxpayers and on the population's cultural and social life. The paper offers recommendations for future land-use development that will sustainably manage growth and discourage urban sprawl.
Outline:
Issue
Analysis
Recommendations
From the Paper
"Urban sprawl is not easy to define. "To paraphrase the United States Supreme Court's long-ago ruling on pornography, most people can't define sprawl--but they know it when they see it" (Fulton et al, 2001). Urban sprawl is a phenomenon that occurs around metropolitan areas, usually represented by suburbs, and it involved the spread of cities and the urbanization or areas around it previously undeveloped, used for agriculture or green fields and forests.
"There are several characteristics of urban sprawl by which it can be recognized. First, the land-use is segregated and usually entails single use zoning. This means that residential, commercial and industrial areas are separated from one another. Often there are large undeveloped, empty areas between them. Because these areas are separated, traveling from one to the other can only be done with a car."
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The Decriminalization of Prostitution in Toronto, 2008.
An argument in support of the decriminalization of prostitution in Toronto.
2,975 words (approx. 11.9 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 87.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the decriminalization of prostitution in Toronto may be advantageous for sex workers. It states that although women are supposedly equal in Canada, somehow thousands of Canadian women still end up in sex work - a line of work in which they are at risk of violence, diseases and death. The paper argues that laws meant to protect society actually victimize people who are already at the bottom rung of society - marginalized, poor women - as well as a smaller group of male and transsexual prostitutes, and even some children. Law enforcers and the public frequently launch campaigns aimed at removing sex workers altogether - such as closing brothels and massage parlors. This does not remove sex workers - it merely makes them less safe. The paper concludes that protecting the rights of sex workers and decriminalizing prostitution will help to protect their safety and welfare.
From the Paper
"The lives of sex workers are fraught with risks and threats. For example, by the very nature of their work, they are at risk of contracting a range of sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV, which is usually terminal. One might argue that sex workers should protect themselves by practicing safe sex. However, the reality is that these people are in a very disempowered position in society, and consequently, they are very often not in a position to insist on safe sex practices. A key part of their disempowerment is that they have little recourse to the law. In other words, if they are forced to have unsafe sex, they do not feel safe in laying a charge with the police. This is because their line of work is circumscribed by laws that aim to end prostitution, and therefore they do not feel safe phoning the police. Thus, one of the key reasons why the legal system pertaining to sex work should be changed is that this would facilitate equal rights to police protection for sex workers - who desperately need such protection."
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Nurse Practitioner Role in Canada, 2008.
An analysis of the nurse practitioner's role and how it can be implemented in the health care system in Ontario.
1,802 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 13 sources, APA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the implementation of the nurse practitioner's role in Canada. It discusses the expanded authority that the nurse practitioner has in relation to prescribing medications. The paper also looks at the health compliance of the nurse practitioner's patients compared to the physician's patients. The paper goes on to discusses a national perspective for the health system and nurse practitioners. Finally, it looks at how to fully utilize nurse practitioners in Ontario.
From the Paper
"One barrier to nurse practitioner utilization would be implementing new organizational arrangements and re-allocating roles among medical and other health professionals. Another barrier consists of a lack of options for nurses and inadequate recognition of nursing knowledge and skills (CNA, 2001). For example, the role of nurse practitioners is restricted under existing nursing legislation, protocols or medical directives (Worster & Sarco, 2005). One problem opposing utilization of nurse practitioners in Canada relates to discrepancies in legislation, educational requirements, and clinical and legal responsibilities, all of which prevent implementation of the nurse practitioner role in many areas since the title of nurse practitioner has no universal definition (Worster & Sarco, 2005)."
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Trans-Border Pollution, 2008.
This paper examines the policies of Canada and the United States vis-a-vis trans-border air pollution.
1,730 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
The paper looks at the 1991 Air Quality Agreement between the two nations and the 2000 Ozone Annex. The paper briefly discusses some of the key measures implemented and to what extent each country is guilty of reneging on its environmental commitments. The paper concludes that both nations are pushing ahead, but shows how the pace of change could and should be increased.
From the Paper
"To start with, both Canada and the United States have worked cooperatively to reduce trans-border or trans-boundary pollution. To wit, as early as 1991 the two countries signed an agreement - the Canada-US Air Quality Agreement - wherein each pledged to reduce trans-boundary air pollution contributing to acid rain. Specifically, both nations agreed to implement measures reducing emissions of sulphur dioxide as well as nitrogen oxides. Both nations agreed to work together as well to develop the scientific and technical tools necessary for eliminating (or at least greatly reducing) acid rain levels in North America (Environment Canada, 2006). A little more than 9 years later, in December of 2000, the two countries also came together and signed an Ozone Annex that established benchmarks for reducing the "trans-boundary flow" of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, as well as reducing the flow and production of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and nitrogen oxides (Environment Canada, 2006). Understandably, both of these measures deserve to be looked at more closely insofar as they appear to constitute the foundations of both countries' approach to trans-boundary air pollution."
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Supervised Injection Sites, 2008.
This paper explores the arguments for and against the drug policy of supervised injection sites (SIS).
2,793 words (approx. 11.2 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 83.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses sanctioned supervised injection sites (SIS) in Canada where people may inject intravenous drugs under the supervision of trained medical staff, with clean syringes available for their use. The paper explores the reasoning behind this site and the ongoing arguments for and against its continuing operation. The paper supports the belief that drug use will continue and that at least users can be spared the harm inflicted by sharing non-sterile settings in a non-sanitary setting. The paper therefore concludes that the SIS is a sound, pragmatic drug policy that should be continued and developed further.
From the Paper
"In the case of SIS, the reasoning is that drug addicts are going to inject themselves with illegal drugs anyway, so why not make the actual process safer? Especially given that much of the health damage associated with intravenous drug use derives from factors other than the drugs. For example, non-sterile needles cause death through infection, and shared needles cause diseases and death by passing on Hepatitis C, AIDS, etc. As Ezard (2001) points out, the discovery that HIV transmission is linked to injectable drugs "arguably spearheaded the harm reduction movement for illicit drug use" (p. 208). Moreover, many drug deaths are due to overdoses, and those who accidentally overdose in a SIS will be given medical assistance more promptly, and are thus more likely to survive."
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