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The Construction of Childhood and the Child, 2008.
An analysis of the construction of childhood and of the child within historical and cultural contexts.
1,257 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the theoretical constructions of the child and of childhood have both changed significantly over time. In particular, It looks at a brief short story, "The Orange-Man, or the Honest Boy and the Thief," by Maria Edgeworth, penned in the late eighteenth century, that captures the optimism many elites felt about the prospects of children being molded into good citizens through instruction rather than through fear and recrimination.
From the Paper
"The construction of childhood and of the child has certainly changed over time. Harry Hendrick writes that children prior to the late seventeenth century were universally - more or less - perceived as being the inheritors of original sin; after about that point, perhaps because of the influential work of John Locke, the notion began to emerge that children were really "blank slates" who could be molded into either something good or something ill. In "The Orange-Man, or the Honest Boy and the Thief" we are confronted with a didactic tale in which a boy who is honest is lavishly rewarded by a grateful orange-man with (unsurprisingly) oranges while a thieving boy receives nothing for his trouble (Edgeworth, 165). "
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Impact of TV Violence, 2008.
This paper discusses the impact of TV violence on society and, in particular, on children.
750 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 26.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that children learn very rapidly and they are exposed to many scenes of violence on television each day. The writer points out that it is amazing that the majority of parents do not perceive this violence to be destructive for their children's development. Children especially are at a stage in their development where they learn so quickly that they absorb information. They learn from television that the easiest way to solve disputes is through the use of fists or guns. The writer maintains that the problem is that many people do not believe that a clear and definite link exists between children's aggressive behavior and the violence they so regularly observe being depicted on television. The writer concludes that research, especially in the form of longitudinal studies, shows the clear-cut connection between TV violence and children's behavior.
Outline:
Executive Summary
Statement of Need
Project Description
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The best studies that have been conducted since 1972 are longitudinal studies related to TV violence and its impact on the attitudes and behavior of children and adolescents. Other studies have consisted of cross sectional and field studies and, together, researchers have made use of all three types in a triangulation strategy to determine the effects of media violence on children. The most convincing studies also are discussed and evaluated by Centerwall, and these researchers also report the findings of professional groups such as the American Medical Association and the American Psychological Association. Basically, all of these studies found that physical aggression among children is significantly increased as a result of exposure to violence in television. Other studies reveal a clear link between TV viewing at a young age and later juvenile delinquency and crime."
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Media and Aggression in Children, 2008.
An analysis of the effect and impact of violence in the mass media on children and adolescents.
2,346 words (approx. 9.4 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 72.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how violence in the mass media affects us and what its impacts and influences are. In particular, it looks at how we are responding to the massive amounts of violence portrayed in mass media. The paper argues that television, movie and video game violence significantly increases aggressiveness and violent behavior in children, which may in later life manifest into aggressive and violent behavior in adults.
From the Paper
"The numerous research carried out in the last 40 years overwhelmingly point out that children's exposure to violence in the mass media and in video and computer games can have short-term as well as lifelong consequences. Furthermore, there are two additional effects that occur as a result of exposure to media violence. First, there is the effect of desensitization towards violence, both real and in the media. Second, there is a fear effect, an apprehension about becoming a victim of violence. Violence in the media has, "from either a modeling approach or a cognitive approach, a high likelihood of being emulated" (Donnerstein & Smith, ????, p.40). However, how the violence is portrayed as well as the age of the viewer are important factors that determine whether the violence will increase or decrease the likelihood of aggression and aggressive behaviour. The solution to the problem of media violence lies in legal remedies through governmental legislation, in education and in media-initiated interventions."
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Peer Relationships, 2008.
This paper analyzes the peer relationships of Vittorio Innocente in Nino Ricci's "Lives of the Saints" and of Paddy Clarke in Roddy Doyle's "Paddy Clarke, Ha, Ha, Ha".
2,084 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 65.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how the peer relations of Vitto, the protagonist in Nino Ricci's "Lives of the Saints", are marred by bullying, recrimination and the threat of violence. The paper then looks at the friends of Paddy, the protagonist in Roddy Doyle's "Paddy Clarke, Ha, Ha, Ha", are both a stand-in for something his home life cannot provide and a relatively good source of solace and replenishment when things grow tense. The paper shows how these children are classic examples of embattled youngsters trying to find a refuge or safe-house in an inhospitable world.
From the Paper
"In the opening pages of Ricci's arresting 1990 novel, we are made aware of the fact that Vittorio Innocente is an intelligent but rather rebellious and indolent boy who would rather be out of class sharing "smokes" with his friend, Fabrizio, then engaging in the burdensome task of acquiring an education (Ricci, 3). We also learn that "Vitto" has been born into fairly privileged circumstances; to wit, his mother is the daughter of the town mayor (Ricci, 11). Thus, the willful young man who lies at the center of the story is blessed with a measure of social standing that not all children his age are fortunate enough to enjoy. It may also be said that Vitto is spoiled, not by the standards of a North American, perhaps, but certainly spoiled by the standards of his community."
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Impacts of Media Violence, 2008.
This paper discusses the impact of violence in the media on children.
1,416 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that mass media plays an important role in our every day lives. The writer then discusses that since violence is a 'staple' in movies and computer games and on television the question of how one responds to the massive amounts of violence portrayed in mass media is of great concern. The writer notes that there seems to be a consensus amongst scientists that violence on television and video games can increase aggression both in children and adults, although there is a minority of researchers who point out the limitations of the research conducted. The writer maintains that most research has shown that children's exposure to violence in the mass media can have short-term as well as lifelong consequences. The writer concludes that the violence shown in the media can be learned and copied especially by children, but how that violence is portrayed is also very important.
From the Paper
"Studies have shown that children as well as adults by repeatedly and often watching violence on television may become less sensitive to the pain and suffering of the victims and others in general. This can make them emotionally desensitized towards violence in real life, and may decrease the likelihood that as they get older they will assist a real victim when violent crime occurs. Research done in this area has shown that people watching violent scenes on TV have relatively intense physiological responses at the beginning; with repeated exposure these are reduced.
"Viewing violence and television can also cause fear. This feeds a perception that the world is a violent and mean place, which can increase fear of becoming a victim of violence."
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Does It Take a Village to Raise a Child?, 2008.
Evaluates the ancient African proverb "It takes a whole village to raise a child", used in the context of youth development.
885 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the proverb ---"It takes a whole village to raise a child" --- advocates that the upbringing of a child depends not only on the family but also on the whole community. The author presents arguments for and against this statement and concludes that, with it takes the family, then the community, and finally the whole world to raise a child.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Yes, It Takes A Village...
No, It Does Not Take A Village...
Villages outside the US
The Family and the Village
It Takes a Child...
The Global Village
From the Paper
"Nowhere are the two opposing views of childrearing as evident as in Germany. Today's middle-aged generation from the former East Germany were institutionally raised typical of communist societies. Their peers who grew up in the West were raised in a very family-oriented setting by stay-at-home moms. The result is a clash of childrearing philosophies."
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Hispanic Parenting, 2008.
A review of the literature on the Hispanic community and the unique parenting conflicts it faces in a new culture.
2,083 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 12 sources, APA, $ 65.95
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Abstract
Through a review of relevant literature, this paper discusses how parenting guidelines are particularly beneficial to members of immigrant communities, as these communities face the unenviable task of maintaining old and beloved family traditions while simultaneously borrowing and adapting the methods and practices of the new culture. In particular, the paper examines the immigrant Hispanic community in the US and attempts to prove that a setting down of concrete parenting techniques (communication, conflict resolution, and the like) will benefit this community enormously and help alleviate the tension that arises when two cultures meet. The articles and books reviewed are arranged thematically.
Outline:
Summary of Research Problem, Purpose and Thesis
General Books and Studies on Parental Discipline
Books and Studies on Hispanic Parenting Issues and Techniques
Conclusion
From the Paper
"This compilation of articles (all authored by prominent social scientists) attempts to arrive at an understanding of the mammoth topic of Hispanic psychology. Some of the topics are irrelevant to the thesis, but the studies in part one are crucial, as they (like Vasquez' study) study the process of Hispanic acculturation. Buriel and Rueschenberg's "Mexican American Family Functioning and Acculturation: A Family Systems Perspective" is particularly useful here, as the article, through a series of case studies, analyzes the internal structure of the Mexican family and its interactions with the new culture. Like Vasquez, the two authors conclude that success at acculturation is directly related to the functioning of the Hispanic family. "
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The Effects of Media Violence on Society, 2002.
An analysis of the child exposure to television and a look at the
link between TV violence and an increase in aggression in children.
1,005 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the effects of aggression from television on children and offers two ways for reducing aggression that result from TV viewing. The paper claims a clear link between violence in the media and an increase in aggression and children and adolescents and further concludes that the majority of parents do not seem to be concerned about the possible impact of televised on their children. The paper is based on two articles: "The Effects of Media Violence on Society", by Craig Anderson and Brad Bushman and "Television and Violence: The Scale of the Problem and Where to Go from Here", by Brandon Centerwall.
From the Paper
""Aggression researchers have adopted a triangulation strategy to examine the effects of violence in the media". This means that three different methods have been used by researchers and later analyzed to determine the effect of violence in television. The three research methods are field experiments, longitudinal studies, and cross sectional studies. Evidence is used from the six most important professional societies in the United States such as the American Psychological Association."
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Raising Children Today, 2008.
This paper discusses child rearing focusing on the issue of gender in child development.
1,386 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that the basic task for parents is to instill desirable values and to help the child develop according to his or her ability. The problem of raising both boys and girls in today's society is raised, mentioning the view that it might have been easier in the past because gender distinctions were more rigid and clearer. The writer notes that to a great degree, boys learn from their fathers how to be male and girls from their others how to be female, though the process is more complex than this might indicate. The writer concludes that many people find that children today lose much of their childhood because of the many influences that cause them to grow up too fast and that affects how they learn to be male and female today, but in truth, the force that remains the most important is parenting and the role parents take as models to be imitated.
From the Paper
"The social controllers have eliminated these emotions through a number of conditioning methods, but the primary means of eliminating them has been to eliminate the family, the crucible where emotional bonds are formed and where the need for later bonds to supplant those between parent and child is formed. The elimination of the family has gone so far as to make the family and its relationships appear socially undesirable, psychologically unhealthy, and un-human. Human beings are touted as more advanced than animals and thus as no longer in need of the bonds and crutches animals require. The controllers have eliminated these emotions in the name of efficiency."
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Restorative Justice, 2008.
This paper describes the concept of restorative justice and applies it to the situation of children soldiers.
1,480 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that restorative justice is an organized system designed to promote interpersonal reconciliation, to provide alternatives to more punitive justice systems and, hopefully, to do more lasting good than punishment alone. The author points out that restorative justice in the United States includes victim impact statements and often community service, where the criminal attempts to pay back the community as a whole for the harm he or she has done. The paper then looks at how a system of restorative justice could be used in societies with child soldiers. The paper concludes that, while restorative justice is not a one size fits all solution to criminal actions, it may be the only way to put back together a society wracked by a damaging domestic war.
From the Paper
"Recruitment of children can provide opportunities for children to observe how violence can trump reason. Recent studies of the civil war in Sri Lanka (Human Rights Watch Summary), describe the forceful recruitment of children by the LTTE, Tamil Tiger, rebel movement. Children can see how their unarmed parents are unable to resist the armed and brutal rebels. One can imagine the lesson the children would learn is that being armed would have enabled their parents to protect them; that violence will always win over reason."
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Youth and Violence in the Media, 2008.
A discussion of the relationship between exposure to violent television and video games and the development of aggression in children and adolescents.
1,945 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 12 sources, APA, $ 61.95
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Abstract
This paper tests the assumption that the high levels of violence in the media must be having a negative effect on children. It points out that, in particular, many seem to fear that exposure to violent television and video games will lead to the development of aggression in children and adolescents. The paper attempts to show that there is no simple answer to the questions posed by the proliferation of violent television and video games in our society. It concludes that it is by no means certain that exposure to violent television and video games leads to the development of aggression in children and adolescents.
From the Paper
"There can be no doubt that young people are exposed to high levels of media violence. For example, one study demonstrates that 57% of television programmes depict violence (based on viewing 2,700 programs on 23 channels) (Fleras, 2003). Of this, about 10% is very graphic violence. This adds up to the average North American child watching about one really graphic violent act every day - or a total of about 2,200 very graphic, violent acts while he or she is in elementary school (Potter and Smith, 2000). Similarly, the Kaiser Family Foundation Report showed that some 75% of US children had at least one video-game player, and that a third of these children had video-game players in their own bedrooms. Moreover, many videogames contain large amounts of violence, some of it graphic (Lachlan, Smith and Tamborini, 2003). Thus, there can be no doubt that most children and adolescents view a great deal of violent television, and spend a great deal of time playing violent video games."
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