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Patent Law & Genetic Medicine, 2006.
A discussion on how legal issues in patent law shape ethical decisions in human stem cell research.
4,186 words (approx. 16.7 pages), 20 sources, MLA, $ 111.95
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Abstract
This work examines the issue of human stem cell research from the view of the medical profession with an eye on funding, the public perspective and legislation affecting research of the human genome. Specifically this work explores the patenting process, whether patenting the human genome is plausible, and what consequences might exist in these patents. The paper notes the veritable quietness of the legal community at large in relation to this medical research issue.
Outline:
Abstract
Objective
Terms & Definitions of Study
Introduction
I. Implications of Diamond v. Chakrabarty (1980)
II. Implications of Later Cases
III. Free Market System Impacts
IV. What Ways Do Patents Objectify Human Dignity?
V. Is there a 'just' way of thinking about intellectual property law?
VI. Rights - Technological
VII. Ethics of Patenting the Technique for Human Stem Cell Lines
Summary & Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper
"In review of the patent laws in the United States, the U.S. Patent laws provides that the patent begin on the date that the patent is issued and ends 20 years later on the same date however, in special circumstances that date might be different and patents are considered for extensions as well. In order for issuance of a patent the invention must be a process that is both 'new' and 'useful' and must be a 'process, machine, manufacture or composition of matter' furthermore the invention must bee the standards of 'utility, novelty and non-obviousness' and must be something that is not in use publicly, not in written form or known to others in the same field of study."
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Walter Benjamin, 2006.
A review of 'The Art of Work in Age of Mechanical Reproduction' by Walter Benjamin.
863 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the article 'The Art of Work in Age of Mechanical Reproduction' by Walter Benjamin. According to the paper, the article has justified the usage of mechanical equipments for the means of production of art works. The essay then goes on to discuss the duplication of art pieces. According to the essay, the promotion and propagation of art pieces through duplication has been a critical issue, and an issue of contention.
Outline:
Introduction
Debate
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Benjamin argues that experience of cultural imagery has been under dramatic influence of lithography and photography. The notion of originality relates necessarily to the idea of authenticity and to the work's authority, but with the technological revolution the issues of authenticity and originality has become irrelevant. Mass reproduction creates copies that possess an independence from the original; they can transcend the spatial and visual limitations of the original's physical tangibility and susceptibility to temporal and material's transformation with age and deterioration. As the art work's substantive duration ceases to matter, the art object loses its authority or its aura, the "unique phenomenon of a distance, however close it may be" (Benjamin Walter)."
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Civil Disobedience, 2006.
This paper argues in favor of civil disobedience.
1,320 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the duty to obey the law has been so firmly ingrained in the societal conscious that anything against this automatically elicits a negative response; however, it is quite clear that duty to obey the law might not always be connected with one's moral duties in all areas. The author points out that philosopher W.D. Ross feels that the duty to obey the law is grounded in the concept of exchange of goods: If a citizen receives certain benefits, he or she should obey the law as a sign of gratitude. The paper concludes that disobedience of law is never desirable but there are times when this is the morally correct action since the claim that the law represents "the moral judgment of the majority and its sense of justice" is not always right. The paper includes some long quotations.
From the Paper
"The concept of fair play is undoubtedly interesting but lacks power to influence or convince us of its validity. If the only reason I should follow the law is so others can benefit, can we also argue that I am allowed to disobey the law if I know others would benefit. The exchange of benefits is the key in this argument. So if the means to achieve this end turns out to be different, do they have a solid argument against my actions? As mentioned in the case of signal violation- if I decided not to break the signal even if it results in the death of the sick woman, how is that benefiting the woman?"
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Computer Ethics in the Health Field, 2006.
A discussion regarding private health information and modern technology.
2,713 words (approx. 10.9 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 81.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews excerpts of a letter sent to Mike Leavitt, US Secretary of Health and Human Services, on behalf of organizations participating in the Consumer Coalition for Health Privacy. The letter concerns a lost, or perhaps stolen, laptop computer. The paper discusses compromised health information as a result of storing this information in an information technology medium. The paper goes on to discuss how problems are arising in the health industry as a result of information technology that may cause a breach in ethical protocols and undermine the confidence of patients in the health profession.
From the Paper
"In the same manner trust is structured in the form of policies, information assets - especially medical information - must be guided by policies that determine storage, archiving and access. Medical records in paper based forms are becoming extinct and being replace by digitally stored data. Further, some medical files and records are stored on cards with smart chips carried by patients on their persons that in the event of emergencies, health professionals attending to the ailing patient can easily load the smart card in a reading device and have instant access to the patient's medical history. The digitally stored medical information nowadays are also available online - a doctor in Cincinnati can access (provided authority is given that doctor) a patient's medical record in a database in Seattle or a hospital in Kansas can schedule a San Francisco patient for medical procedures once they get access from the patient's San Francisco medical records."
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Palliative Care, 2006.
A discussion regarding palliative care.
1,528 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at palliative care, the union of medical, spiritual, and cultural considerations into a holistic, compassionate approach geared toward reducing the severity of symptoms. According to the paper, palliative care focuses on comfort and pain management rather than on curative measures and emphasizes care for terminal patients and their families. The paper reviews the video 'On Our Own Term: Moyer on Dying', part of a series called "A Different Kind of Care".
Outline:
On Our Own Terms
Hospice and Palliative Care
Spirituality, an Aspect of Palliative Care
Reflection
From the Paper
"In most cases, death brings the terminally-ill patient toward spirituality; indeed, this is the essence of existence for the majority of people. Whether or not we have strayed from our religious backgrounds, most people when close to death seek to understand the big questions of life. As a nursing student from a Catholic university, I have studied a curriculum that encompasses many aspects of life, including spirituality. However, most student nurses at the developmental age of college students focus on careers and relationships which can distance them from spirituality, probably the most important issue for a terminally-ill patient. How can we, as nursing students, discuss spirituality with patients at the end of life when some of us are either too young for spiritual awareness or too old and cynical? More importantly, how can we use spirituality in our nursing practice if our training has concentrated on oxygenation, safety, nutrition, and other health issues?"
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'Celebrated Cases of Judge Dee', 2006.
A review of the book 'Celebrated Cases of Judge Dee', translated by Robert Van Gulik.
1,968 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the book 'Celebrated Cases of Judge Dee', translated from Chinese to English by Robert Van Gulik. The paper discusses Judge Dee's unquenchable thirst for finding the truth, when solving legal cases. The paper further discusses how the Judge Dee novels are grounded in large societal ethical hermeneutic of Confucian and Taoist morals, where finding the truth is a sacred duty of Judge Dee's office and great dishonor would fall upon the head of any judge who accidentally condemns an innocent man.
From the Paper
"There are some features of Dee's detection are similar to modern police work, and do not cause a non-Confucian reader to raise an eyebrow. Dee deploys psychological insight and observation to come to the root of a mystery, noting that, good Confucian he is, he has studied carefully the ancient handbooks of detection, which values the importance of knowing the character, daily life and habits of the victim and that personality supplies the clues to solve the crime. Know a person's ethics, and know the man or woman. Know the person's place in society, and know how they 'should' behave. Having an upright character is also an essential component to being a good, that is, an ethical Confucian, and defects in character must be scrutinized and used as clues, as they leave a person open to the danger of becoming a victim."
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Medical Care, Race and Class, 2006.
A discussion regarding the differences in the medical care given to the different races and classes.
1,196 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper introduces, discusses and analyzes the topic of medical care between ethnicities. Specifically, the paper compares and contrasts the differences in medical care between blacks and whites, and of different classes. The paper reports that studies indicate that there are distinct differences in how members of different races and classes are treated throughout the healthcare industry.
From the Paper
"This article concurs with other studies that indicate black patients receive less cardiac care than white patients with equal symptoms. Their study further indicates that this substandard treatment exists in all or most black patients, and not simply in patients with poor behavior or attitudes. It is well documented that black Americans have a larger overall distrust of the medical profession, and there is some speculation this attitude may influence a small percentage of healthcare professionals. However, most studies indicate that more black patients are less satisfied with their care. There is a direct link between patient satisfaction and how patients comply with and utilize health services. This study attempts to explain racial differences in satisfaction and treatment, for the first time. The authors describe the methods used, the concept of the study, and include tables with their findings, which include minorities say they are more comfortable with their own minority physicians."
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The Sarbanes-Oxley Act, 2007.
An analysis of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, which targets white-collar business fraud.
1,841 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 59.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, which states that all business corporations need to better supervise and control their employees, documents and information and sets severe measures for those who destroy documents or hide them from the public or the government's institutions. The paper looks at the criticism and dissatisfaction of businesses with this legislation but also examines the positive effects of the bill on white-collar crime and corporate behavior. The paper evaluates the economic impact of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.
Outline:
Abstract
Case Information
The SOX case of Richards vs Lexmark International Inc.
Literature on the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
Conclusions
From the Paper
"During the past few decades, the number of white-collar business fraud cases seemed to increase dramatically. Due to an immense interest and press investigations, these crimes were brought to the publics' attention, causing them to lose their confidence in the fairness of business actions. In July 2002, Senator Paul Sarbanes and Representative Michael G. Oxley presented the American Senate with the Public Company Accounting Reform and Investor Protection Act of 2002."
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Driving While Intoxicated (DWI), 2006.
Discusses the writer's personal experience of being hit by someone who was driving while intoxicated (DWI).
869 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper reflects the author's personal experience of being hit by a drunk driver. According to the paper, no mercy needs to be shown to drunk drivers; the maximum allowable blood alcohol content (BAC) should only be 0.05%, and there should be a zero tolerance program for young men and teenage boy drivers caught driving while intoxicated.
From the Paper
"My truck wasn't drivable but the door worked. I got out and could hear the glass pop off my clothes and make weird sounds like Rick Krispies popping in a cereal bowl, and when I got to the Mercedes I could see these two guys, drenched in gin, beer, and glass. They were laughing. From ten feet away you could smell the alcohol. When I asked them if they were alright, they gave some quick answer and tried to get the car to move. It wouldn't. I asked them for their insurance and they rattled off some expletives and told me to go to hell and asked if I knew who their father was. However he was, he was going to be very angry when he saw that brown Mercedes, it was totaled."
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HIPAA and PACS, 2006.
A review of the relationship between HIPAA and PACS regarding the delivery of healthcare.
2,999 words (approx. 12.0 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 88.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) and the personal access communication system (PACS) and discusses how they relate to each other.
The paper presents a detailed examination of the HIPAA act and the PACS program to determine whether they collide or coincide with each other.
Outline:
Introduction
Purpose of the Study
Hypothesis
Discussion Through Literature
Collide or Coincide
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The first indicator that PACS dovetails with HIPAA is the need for passwords and various codes to get into the system and maneuver around its components. When PACS is first installed there is a training period in which those who will be working with the medical imaging department will be trained in how to use passwords and codes to open and enter the system. In addition, many hospitals and other medical facilities have opted to change and rotate passwords on a frequent basis thereby reducing even further the chance that the information contained within the storage area of the system will be accessible by a hacker. "
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Thomas Paine, 2007.
An analysis of the philosophies of Thomas Paine and what made them so successful in his time and today.
4,898 words (approx. 19.6 pages), 14 sources, MLA, $ 124.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the political, religious and social philosophies of Thomas Paine and describes the impact that they had on the world then and continue to have today. It discusses the role that he played in both the American and French revolutions, while simultaneously attempting to garner the budding revolutionary movements within England. The papers also looks at why his ideas were so successful.
From the Paper
"Paine's essays and speeches still hold their compelling power today. Much of the reason for this is that he was not a philosopher who attempted to build his theories of justice, morality, knowledge, and society from the ground-up; instead, he held several appealing principles, from which he was capable of deconstructing the morally reprehensible institutions around the world. These principles included equality, freedom, belief in God, charity towards others, and the gift of reason. Altogether, these were very attractive concepts in his time, and remain so to this day. For the most part, they are ideas so intuitively pure and beautiful, that they do not require rigorous philosophical investigation to believe that they should probably be sought after. So although David Hume may have been successful in debasing the belief that we can ever truly know what morality or justice are, Paine was able to indicate exactly what they should be. He was a great man not only for this, but for convincing millions of people that these values exist as something worthy to build society upon. Though they could potentially be logically invalid, it would be a mistake to fight for anything other than what Thomas Paine fought for."
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Workplace Privacy, 2007.
An analysis of the legal and ethical ramifications of employee testing and surveillance.
1,688 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses workplace privacy. It looks at the new and increasingly controversial ways in which employers can impinge upon an employee's privacy, such as drug testing, genetic testing and electronic surveillance. It then discusses, in detail, the legal and ethical ramifications of employers using these tools and how they can impact on the workplace.
From the Paper
"From the utilitarian standpoint, it is certainly imaginable that genetic testing, drug testing, and electronic surveillance might contribute to the overall good by increasing the output of various businesses. However, it is also imaginable that the negative aspects associated with these measures might detract from the total happiness of society: increased surveillance and the inability to use certain drugs might decrease employee contentedness; meanwhile, genetic testing might leave major subsets of society out of the economy and impoverished. Deontologically, people might take a stand for personal physical privacy as an innate moral good; yet, precisely what each deontologist might define privacy to be may vary. Consequently, some deontologists might think that workplace surveillance and drug tests are morally acceptable, while genetic tests are not. Others might organize their beliefs differently--all measures may be seen as morally unacceptable, for instance. Essentially, attesting to be either a utilitarian or a deontologist gives little indication of which way an individual might lean with respect to physical privacy in the workplace."
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