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Ethics and Medicine, 2007.
This paper analyzes the moral controversy surrounding pharmacists' refusal to supply certain pills.
3,016 words (approx. 12.1 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 88.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses if a pharmacist, who is responsible for giving out drugs based on doctors' prescriptions, can refuse to give out drugs due to ethical or religious reasons. Are they justified in any way, or are they in fact failing in their basic duties as a pharmacist? The paper explores this ethical debate and concludes that whether these pharmacists are right or wrong, one must remember that no one can use the power of the government to force an individual into doing something that is against his will. The paper points out that if a customer cannot fill his prescription at one pharmacy, he can always go to another store and avail him/herself of the drug that he/she wants.
From the Paper
"The US House of Representatives passed a provision in September that would block federal funds from local, state and federal authorities, if it was ever discovered that health care workers were either paying for, or performing, or referring women to, abortionists. According to Gloria Feldt, president of Planned Parenthood Federation of America, "The explosion in the number of legislative initiatives and the number of individuals who are just saying, 'We're not going to fill that prescription for you because we don't believe in it' is astonishing". (Jones, 2004)"
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Set-Aside Programs, 2007.
This paper discusses set-aside programs and argues that they are morally unacceptable.
829 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer defines set-aside programs as programs that go beyond the concept of affirmative action, designed to create equal opportunity, and actually force companies to contract a certain percentage of businesses owned by minorities and women. The writer argues that these types of programs, while beneficial to some, are actually harmful to others in that, if a specific percentage of work must be contracted to specific groups of individuals, then other individuals are, out of necessity, not able to perform the work, even though they may be more competent or more able to complete the necessary task. This paper examines set-aside programs using utilitarian and deontological considerations of ethics, and shows that programs involving affirmative action, particularly those of set aside programs, are both unnecessary, and are not morally acceptable.
From the Paper
"At the same time, affirmative action, as a concept, may also be permissible from a deontological standpoint. According to deontology, actions done out of duty, rather than as a means to an end, that can be done consistently by all humans reflect good, and thus will always be ethical acts. Since some would view that compensation to those who have been victimized in the past is a duty, and that compensating for past wrongdoings is a duty that should be performed by all human beings, then such actions must be moral. This concept can be thought of as compensatory justice. Additionally, according to deontologist perspectives, the most qualified person has a "right" to the job at hand, regardless of the end consequences. As a result, discrimination against such individuals is morally unacceptable, and thus, affirmative action programs provide the steps to ensure this "duty", to provide the "right" for employment if one is qualified, is a morally acceptable action."
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Governmental Wiretapping, 2006.
A discussion regarding the use of wiretapping by the US government, even though it has been deemed illegal.
1,445 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the important questions of law that come into play when the topic of wiretapping is considered, even when it's the government doing the tapping. The paper further discusses how there are both federal and state statutes that govern the use of electronic recording equipment that make wiretapping of a conversation that the person is not a party to and without the consent of the parties involved, typically illegal. However, as a matter of national security, this is just what the United States government does each and every day. The paper reviews this issue and whether or not the government is justified in what, at first glance, appears to infringe on citizens' rights to privacy.
Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Wiretapping Overview
Wiretapping: A Historical Perspective
The NSA and Wiretapping
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Whether right or wrong, there is one thing for certain, wiretapping, by the government, has occurred for more than a century. Abraham Lincoln eavesdropped on telegraph conversations, during the American Civil War. Robert F. Kennedy used wiretapping to monitor the activity of Martin Luther King, Jr. Clinton's wiretapping led to the capture of Aldrich Ames, a former Soviet spy. And, most recently, in December 2005, George W. Bush was accused of violating the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act and the US Constitution with wiretapping activities that his administration has insisted is necessary to keep America safe from terrorism ("Telephone tapping", 2006).
In 1928, Olmstead v. United States was argued in the Supreme Court and examined the question of whether or not the use of wiretapped phone conversations, obtained by federal agents, without judicial approval, was a violation of the defendant's Fourth and Fifth Amendment rights. The court ruled, in a 5-4 vote, that the defendant's rights were not violated ("Olmstead", 2006). However, nearly forty years later, this decision would be overturned."
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Human Trafficking: A New Era of Slavery, 2007.
A look at human trafficking, a modern day version of traditional slavery.
920 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 32.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the issue of human trafficking, focusing primarily on the issue of prostitution. According to the paper, this is just a modern day version of slavery as many are transported and sold against their will or without their knowledge, believing various false reasons for their movement. Many of the victims of human trafficking are underage minors.
From the Paper
"The human trafficking of women for the vice trades, mainly forced prostitution in a multitude of countries is a problem so monumental that most officials see no end to the problem. Resources are poor for the destruction of even the most large-scale offenders and most are under the false impression that the women arrive voluntarily, knowing the life they will follow when they arrive. It is a way to excuse the fact that all but the illegal immigration issues are perfectly acceptable and legal to many of the governments in the locations where the women end up. (Askew 328) Here are just a few statements from women who have been victims of human trafficking and forced prostitution."
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Codes of Ethics, 2007.
An examination and comparison of the codes of ethics of the ACA, AACC and AAPC.
1,092 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
The paper analyzes how the respective codes of ethics of the professional counseling organizations; the American Counseling Association (ACA), the American Association of Christian Counselors (AACC), and the American Association of Pastoral Counselors' (AAPC) reflect the differences in the approaches of these organizations to mental health and healing. The paper examines how codes of ethics usually share common core elements outlining the legal and ethical obligations of counseling professionals. The paper further examines how the ethical codes of these three groups differs on some key issues such as counseling methodology and techniques, and the professional's relationship to society.
From the Paper
"Explicit no-harm clauses are included in each ethical code. Fees are discussed overtly, too, with the AAPC and the AACC more explicit in their encouragement of pro bono work. The AACC also encourages sliding-scale work, but all three organizations suggest that counselors be motivated by the desire to assist clients achieve well-being above the desire for remuneration."
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Genetic Testing of Workers, 2006.
A review of an article and a discussion regarding the issue of genetic testing of employees.
1,370 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the ethical issue of the genetic testing of employees who had filed carpal tunnel syndrome claims and reviews an article that discusses a specific legal case. This paper examines both sides of the settlement, using utilitarian and deontological considerations of ethics, and shows that despite the costs to the industry and the limitations for the future, this settlement was a fair compromise in the issue of genetic testing.
From the Paper
"Examined using utilitarian ethics, this portion of the settlement would not be supported. Utilitarianism ethics stress that an action should only be undertaken if the cost of the action is less than any benefits that may be received by the majority of those involved (Scarre, 1996). In this case, since the potential lawsuits related to work-related carpal tunnel injuries would be difficult for the company to combat, and since the workers filing such claims are the minority, the payment for those lawsuits would almost certainly be higher than the benefits. The result, under utilitarianism, would be that the discontinuation of genetic testing would almost certainly create an end result of more payouts for work-related carpal tunnel claims, and since those claims are from a minority of individuals within the company, the payouts would not benefit the majority, and thus, the genetic testing should be continued."
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Worker Safety: At What Expense?, 2007.
The paper analyzes the Human Rights Watch group's recommendations for protecting workers in the meat and poultry industry.
870 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the recommendations and their potential consequences for both the workers and the industry/general public. The paper explains that these recommendations, while beneficial to some, would cost others millions of dollars, as well as reduce the production speed of meat and poultry products. This paper examines each recommendation using utilitarian and deontological considerations of ethics and shows that despite the costs to the industry, the implementation of these recommendations is both necessary and ethical. The paper maintains that it is the duty of all citizens to ensure safe working conditions for all individuals, regardless of the cost involved.
From the Paper
"Examined using utilitarian ethics, this recommendation would not be supported. In terms of business decisions, utilitarianism functions almost as a cost/benefit analysis. Utilitarianism would suggest that businesses should "only undertake those actions where the benefits exceed the costs." (Hall, et al, 1991, 17). In doing so, the business owner would be balancing the costs of action (in this case, decreased production) with the benefits to the workers. Since the workers number far less than those in the consumer and business owner categories, such a move would not be one that would produce the "greatest ratio of good to evil for everyone" (Shaw and Barry, 1994, 10). Thus, utilitarianism would suggest that this action be avoided."
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Euthanasia, 2007.
This paper explores the moral questions concerning euthanasia.
1,675 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
This paper presents several arguments, both pro and con, on the topic of euthanasia. The moral questions involved with this issue are explored, from both medical and religious perspectives. The author is in favor of the right-to-die, yet still gives an even-handed approach to the controversy.
From the Paper
"Some opponents of euthanasia have attempted to strike a middle ground, shying away from actively allowing the constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide but making a moral distinction between actively helping patients to kill themselves and withholding treatment from a terminally ill patient, such as food and water, and there thereby permitting death, what Kevin P. Glynn has called the "ethical principle of double effect," a principle that "holds that an act intended for a morally good purpose may have an unintended but permissible bad effect." (Glynn, 1999) In other words, administering drugs to hasten dying is not permissible under the physican's ideal of doing no harm, but by doing no good, and having the same effect, less active harm will be created. This is how Catholic charities often make allowances for giving pain-relieving drugs to the dying that may hasten, if not actually cause the patient's death."
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Ethics and Morality, 2006.
This paper is personal case about the author's decision, after examining society's ethical and moral values, whether or not to report friend who burned down a neighbor's home.
1,955 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
The paper relates that a good friend of the author has committed a heinous act by burning down the home of the neighborhood gossip, meddler and hateful person who has been a thorn in the side of the entire neighborhood for years---there is no evidence of this action, the friend will never be caught but the author must decide if he will turn the friend in. The author points out that morality is the actual feeling of doing wrong or right and society's view of certain actions; whereas, ethics is actually the study of those views and beliefs. The paper concludes that deciding what to do ethically and morally about the friend has helped the author look into his ethics and morality; he feels that the ultimate decision not to turn in the friend is the right one.
From the Paper
"There is another important, even vital consideration in turning my friend in. What is right or wrong for one person might be very different for another. One person might choose to be "compassionate" and allow my friend to keep his secret. That would not work for me. That would simply create another crime where only one occurred. Technically, I could be charged for withholding evidence, but morally, I would have let down the society that expects its members to act ethically and morally. If I act as judge and jury, and decide not to turn in my friend, I am flaunting society's rules just as much as he did, and that makes me just as guilty as he is."
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Making Americans Out of Immigrants, 2005.
A discussion regarding how to absorb immigrants successfully into American society and to educate American values.
1,780 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the founders of the US Constitution believed that education was the way to instill democratic principles in young citizens who would grow up to "sustain the US experiment in liberty". The paper further discusses how immigrants had a special need because they were bringing with them their exposure to a feudal system in Europe. Thus, this paper reports how civic education of US citizens was seen as primary to making democracy work and the responsibility fell upon the public school system.
From the Paper
"There were those people who didn't believe that any amount of education could make Blacks, Asians, Catholics, Eastern Orthodox Christians, or Jews "real Americans." Real Americans were White Protestants. Although the Ku Klux Klan was an extremist hate group, its attitudes were fairly widespread, attitudes that led to laws in the mid-1920s that ended mass immigration to the United States for over 40 years. The immigrants had already made a big demographic impact on America, however. In 1900 60% of Americans were of British descent, but by 1920 that number was down to 40%. Although groups like the KKK and other advocates of ethnic nationalism challenged civic nationalism, clearly civic nationalism "dominated American life and education for the first third of the twentieth century" (Mirel, 2002a, p. 146). Most immigrant children attended public school. There they learned English, which helped them to succeed later in life. They also learned American ideals and values like freedom, democracy, and equality."
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Prostitution, 2007.
An in-depth discussion regarding the issue of prostitution.
1,900 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 60.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how, of all the criminally deviant behaviors, few are as widespread, occur as routinely or possess as long a history as prostitution. According to the paper, some view prostitutes as victims of a situation and/or society. The paper goes on to discuss the arguments for and against legally protecting prostitutes.
From the Paper
"By contrast, the standpoint of evolutionary psychology would inevitably indicate that certain individuals, upon birth, are more prone to become child abusers than others. Although socialization and social controls may exist, the evolutionary psychologist would be weary of contending that social controls do anything more than inhibit behavior; they fail to eliminate innate human drives: "Because evolved mechanisms were adaptive to ancestral environments, they are not always adaptive for contemporary people," (Bjorklund 1687). So while it may be possible, from this point of view, for an individual possessing a genetic predisposition towards sexual aggression to never act upon these impulses, this may tell us very little about precisely who is likely to abuse children. But despite the possible accuracy of the evolutionary psychology theory regarding child abuse, it is very limited in being able to provide information about why child abuse occurs--their answer would be simply that it is innate. Accordingly, if it is innate, then society has no justification for prosecuting pedophiles or violent parents; it was the way they were born."
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Euthanasia, 2007.
A look at the sensitive issue of euthanasia and a discussion regarding the issues surrounding life and death.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the controversial issue of euthanasia. According to the paper such an idea seems to be the opposite of sensible thinking, especially at a time when medical miracles seem to occur every day. However, the paper further discusses how some people feel that it is those medical miracles that cause euthanasia to be a desirable option for some people, because these medical miracles can extend life beyond the point where life is tolerable.
From the Paper
"There is no doubt that we must have some curbs on personal freedom. For instance, the United States actively supports freedom of speech, but that freedom ends if it holds the potential to harm others. Therefore we can give a speech criticizing government policy, but we cannot go into a crowded movie theater and shout "Fire!" just because we felt like it. The other people's reactions to the danger a fire in a crowded theater represents could result in injuries, not to mention interfering with their right to freedom of speech as expressed by their choice to watch that movie.
However, over the centuries, both personal and legal opinions of where the line must be drawn curbing personal freedoms has shifted on a variety of issues. Seventy-five years ago, homosexual acts constituted criminal behavior. At one time such an interpretation was widely accepted although today the great majority of people believe that people's sexual behavior is nearly always no business of the government's."
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