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Repatriation of The Native American Sacred Pipe, 2002.
Study of the significance of the Pipe in Native American culture.
1,275 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 10 sources, $ 48.95
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Abstract
Since the earliest beginnings of their culture, Native American tribes used ceremonial smoking as a traditional means of dignifying many important activities, such as rallying forces for warfare, conducting trade discussions, negotiating for a bride, or settling disputes over land. Treaties were signed over a Pipe, couples were and still are married over one. Making vows or signing a name over a Pipe ensured that the vows or agreement would never be broken, because it had been sanctified by the Creator.
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Lakota Sioux Vision Quest, 2002.
Discussion of the Lakota Sioux Vision Quest and its significance to the Lakota religion.
2,150 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 4 sources, $ 80.95
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Abstract
One of the most important rites in the Lakota religion is the vision quest. This paper goes on to elaborate on this area of the Lakota religion.
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Mary Rowlandson's Captivity, 2002.
A look at the style of narrative used by Mary Rowlandson who spent three months as a captive with the Naragansett Indians in the seventeenth century.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 4 sources, $ 53.95
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Abstract
Mary Rowlandson's description of her experiences being held captive by Indians during the Metacom Wars in17th century New England represent the birth of a narrative genre. What characterizes the Rowlandson's narrative as particular is both the vivid detail of her experience and the ways her survival is woven through the Calvinist doctrine's of New England's Puritan religious communities. The narrative itself represents the sheer trauma of Rowlandson's experiences in a language that appeals relentlessly to salvation discourse and it is apparent that her religious passions sustained her to some degree during her three months as a hostage with the Naragansett Indians. It is also difficult to deny the ways the narrative is written after-the-fact and represents a particular reconstruction of the experience. It is in reading the narrative is a context of post-traumatic writing that it becomes possible to understand how Rowlandson's writing constitutes a particular act of recovery.
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Wounded Knee, 2002.
An overview of the Wounded Knee Massacre of 1890 and how it affected the relationships between Native and European Americans until the present day.
2,650 words (approx. 10.6 pages), 9 sources, $ 97.95
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Abstract
In the 1990s, the South Dakota community of Wounded Knee remains a tiny village of less than 100 persons, but its name commands a most symbolic and also sinister connotation in the history or relations between the United States and its aboriginal peoples. In this paper's discussion of the Wounded Knee Massacre of 1890, it is emphasized how what might seem an obscure event in the history of interaction between European-Americans and the American Indians was to become a powerful symbolic event of significance to the present day. The very mention of Wounded Knee brings to mind numerous issues of great emotive and political meanings.
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The Trail of Tears, 2002.
An overview of the events where the United States government forced the Cherokee on a "Trail of Tears" which ultimately led to the death of thousands and the downfall of this Native American tribe.
1,900 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 6 sources, $ 71.95
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Abstract
In 1838, the Cherokee nation was effectively removed, in its entirety, by the government of the Unites States of America. The forced removal was part of an effort to both neuter the Cherokee, one of the strongest native Nations and to grab all of the land upon which it had lived for, in various forms, thousands of years. The forced march was named, The Trail Of Tears, for a variety of reasons. It forced the natives from their ancestral home, it was a death march and it placed the Cherokee in an alien land, virtually devoid of anything which would allow them to continue living in their traditional manner. The Trail of Tears resulted in thousands of deaths, the separation of families and has been considered in hindsight as an attempt at genocide. The eviction and forced march, which came to be known as the Trail of Tears, took place during the fall and winter of 1838-39 and was badly mismanaged. Inadequate food supplies led to terrible suffering, especially after frigid weather arrived. About 4,000 Cherokees died on the one-hundred and sixteen-day journey, many because the escorting troops refused to slow or stop so that the ill and exhausted could recover. It is the purpose of this paper to examine the motivations for the forced exodus from the point of view of the U.S. government, the timeline of the march and the impact it had before, during and after on the Cherokee people. The point of this examination is to, hopefully, develop for the reader a clear understanding of one of the most tragic episodes in the enforcement of Indian Policy by the United States Government.
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Science vs. Spiritualism, 2002.
Analyzes the controversy over DNA testing of Native American remains for the sake of scientific knowledge.
1,900 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 6 sources, $ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the controversy over DNA testing. The author uses the very recent case of Kennewick Man, the 9,300 year old remains, to discuss some of the issues involved. While science can learn a great deal from studying such remains, Native Americans are opposed to such testing because they feel it violates their beliefs. They do not like the idea of scientists studying and classifying remains, as they feel such studies are often racially motivated and damages their chances of reclaiming artifacts under the North American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act of 1990. While the Kennewick Man case ended up in court, DNA testing proceeded and failed to uncover any conclusive results, resulting in the return of the artifacts to five Native American tribes. Cases such as Kennewick Man and a similar aborigine case in Australia have no easy answers; however, non-destructive testing may allow for less invasive treatment of human remains. In any case, the decision to test remains should be left to Native American descendants, not government committee.
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Home at Last: The Stockbridge-Munsee Band of the Mahican Nation, 2002.
Analyzes the history of the Mahican Indians and what ultimately became of the Stockbridge-Munsee group.
1,900 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 1 source, $ 71.95
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Abstract
Focusing on what would eventually become the Stockbridge-Munsee band, this paper provides a historical overview of the tribe from its earliest known existence. The author traces the background of the tribe, with an emphasis on how the Europeans changed the tribe's way of life by commercially exploiting their tribe, forcing western ideas upon them and constantly uprooting them. The author closes the piece by examining their current situation, in which it is argued that the tribe seems to have found a home and has good prospects for the future.
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"Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee", 2002.
An analysis of Dee Brown's text on the battles against the Native Americans during the late 1800s.
650 words (approx. 2.6 pages), 1 source, $ 26.95
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Abstract
Dee Brown's "Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee" is a deeply researched account of the destruction of the American Indian in the late 1800s, ending at the Battle of Wounded Knee. "Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee", opens a door into our past. As with any book of this sort, "Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee" has a few shortcomings.
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Native Literature and Colonialism, 2002.
Discusses the role of Native Literature in Canada and the United States in the witnessing and resisting of colonialism.
1,650 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 6 sources, $ 62.95
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Abstract
Colonialism in Canada and the United States has had a significant and detrimental effect on Native peoples and their cultures. By virtue of its very existence, Native literature speaks against colonialism through stories that both demonstrate injustice and point to the possibility of renewing Native identity and restoring vitality to Native culture. Contemporary Native writing is unavoidably connected to the oral tradition. Its power to resist colonialism can be found, therefore, in its capacity to continue the process of passing Native culture, knowledge and identity from generation to generation.
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"American Holocaust", 2002.
A review of the book "American Holocaust American Holocaust: The Conquest of the New World" by historian David Stannard.
1,168 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
The paper examines how David Stannard, in his book "American Holocaust: The Conquest of the New World" describes the European settlement in America as the most massive act of genocide in the history of the world, focusing on how the native Indian population were all but wiped out by white settlement. It evaluates how the author?s thesis is that the perpetrators of the American holocaust based their actions on the same Christian ideology as those of the Nazi holocaust. It looks at how Stannard uses a variety of historical evidence to argue his thesis including newspapers, Congressional records and the journal entries of European settlers. It also analyzes how the author makes a strong argument for his case and how he makes a distinct the bias against the white settlers, with their actions seeming to be emphasized more than is necessary and them being presented as racist.
From the Paper
"While the research is thorough, it does appear that Stannard is biased towards presenting the Indian population as better than the white people. In the first part of the book, Stannard describes the rich culture and the attitude of the native Indians. Stannard argues that they are a kind and generous people. This includes the argument that the Indian population were probably open to working with the white people, but were not given the opportunity. Stannard provides anecdotes to make this point. This includes stories such as one where a tribe low on food met another tribe without food. The first tribe shared their goods with the second tribe. By using such anecdotes, the author suggests that the Indians are the better people. This anecdote also compares the Indians with the white settlers. The Indians were able to accept another tribe as their own people, while the Americans were biased against those with differences. This is a common argument the author makes, often referring to the white settlers as racist."
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The French Conquest of Canada, 2002.
This paper studies the impact of the French arrival in and settlement of Canada.
3,566 words (approx. 14.3 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 99.95
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Abstract
The paper claims that French relations with the native people can best be understood in light of all the European explorations to the new lands. According to the writer, the French did not consider the native people inhabiting Canada as their equals, and thus were not hesitant to enforce French Catholicism and customs. The paper argues that in attempting to "save" the Amerindians by converting them to European civilization and to the Catholic religion, they virtually destroyed the culture of the native people.
From the Paper
"The tone was set for French-native people relations with explorer Jacques Cartier, who took possession of the new land for the king of France. Cartier's relations with the native people began with a lie. When he reached Gaspe Bay in 1534 he raised a 30-foot wooden cross on Point Penouille. More than 200 Iroquois from Stadacona (Quebec) were fishing on the peninsula at the time and they were initially trusting and cordial to Cartier and his men. The cross, however, seemed improper to the Native Chief Donnacona, and Cartier, fearful of the outcome of the discontent and suspicion among the Iroquois, lied by saying that the cross was just an insignificant landmark (The Virtual Museum of New France: Jacques Cartier)."
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Sioux Culture, 2002.
This paper provides a cultural and historical background on the Sioux and the role of music in American Indian cultures.
10,689 words (approx. 42.8 pages), 31 sources, MLA, $ 212.95
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Abstract
This paper examines both what the Sioux cultures were like before European contact as well as what that culture has evolved into. The paper focuses on the music of this people set within a broader artistic and cultural and even political context. The paper is broken down into four chapters: An introduction into the Sioux people, their musical instruments, the songs of the people, and finally a larger cultural context. The final section of this paper examines the Sun Dance and the Ghost Dance as the two most important single types of musical performance.
From the Paper
"Traditional Sioux of the last century ? or the centuries before ? would have found the entire idea of putting on their best clothes and going to a concert hall to listen ? as relatively passive observers ? to a musical performance extremely odd. For them, as for other native peoples of the Americas (and arguably other native peoples throughout the world before the onset of industrialization) music was something that was integrated into the fabric of ritual and everyday life."
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